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The White House Conference on Children
The first White House Conference on Children occurred in 1909, led by a young lawyer named James E. West. He grew up in an orphanage after losing both parents and wanted to share the negative aspects of institutionalizing young children. This is the beginning of considering the needs of young children. Children's Bureau (DHEW). (1967). The story of the white house conferences on children and youth. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED078896 -
Brown v Board of Education
Legislation that determined the separation of students of color unjust and unconstitutional, according to the 14th Amendment. The process of desegregation began one year later, with plenty of resistance. Reference
National Archives. (2024). Brown v board of education (1954). https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/brown-v-board-of-education -
Diana v State Board of Education Reference
Special Education Rights Responsibilities. (2022). What was the diana v state board of education case? What impact does the diana case have on spanish-speaking students? Retrieved from https://serr.disabilityrightsca.org/serr-manual/chapter-2-information-on-evaluations-assessments/2-48-what-was-the-diana-v-state-board-of-education-case-what-impact-does-the-diana-case-have-on-spanish-speaking-students/ -
Diana v State Board of Education
The Diana v State Board of Education case occurred when Spanish-speaking students were inappropriately assessed and placed into special education classrooms unfairly. The result of this case was the decision that children should be assessed in their native language to ensure proper classroom placement. (Reference on separate tab) -
Mills v Board of Education
This lawsuit became an extension of the PARC decision, ensuring that all children with disabilities would be included in public schools. The lawsuit claimed that "students were improperly excluded from school without due process of law," (Yell, Rogers, Lodge Rogers, 1998). This lawsuit created an outline for "due process procedures for labeling, placement, and exclusion of students with disabilities," (1998). -
Mills v Board of Education Reference
Yell, M. L., Rogers, D., Rogers, E. L. (1998). The legal history of special education: What a long, strange trip it’s been! Remedial and Special Education, 19(4), 219-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/074193259801900405 -
PARC v Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
This essential educational move guaranteed an education for children ages 6-21 in an integrated environment, regardless of disabilities or level of impairment. Additionally, preschoolers with disabilities also were to be served if the school served children without disabilities, setting the stage for inclusive teaching practices. Reference
Gargiulo, R.M., Bouck, E.C. (2020). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Civil rights legislation intended for "protecting children and adults against discrimination due to a disability," (2020, pg. 49). The law prevents children with disabilities from being excluded from programs because of a disability, including attending school. Reference
Gargiulo, R.M., Bouck, E.C. (2020). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. -
IDEA 1975-1997
This important piece of legislation ensures that all children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate education that includes special education services with individualized instruction. Key aspects of this law include the use of IEPs, least restrictive environment, and parental involvement. Reference
Gargiulo, R.M. Bouck, E.C. (2020). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. -
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IDEA
This important piece of legislation ensures that all children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate education that includes special education services with individualized instruction. Key aspects of this law include the use of IEPs, least restrictive environment, and parental involvement. Reference
Gargiulo, R.M. Bouck, E.C. (2020). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. -
Americans With Disabilities Act
This landmark act sets forth clear expectations that no individual with a disability should be discriminated against. "Any person with an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity is covered by this legislation," (Gargiulo Bouck, 2020). This law requires businesses and transportation be accessible. Reference
Gargiulo, R.M., Bouck, E.C. (2020). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. -
The No Child Left Behind Act
This act introduced by George W. Bush was to ensure that all students, regardless of ability, reached proficiency in math, science and reading. These areas were measured using standardized testing with scores being adjusted based on several factors that influence a child's life such as language, ability, and social class. Reference
Gargiulo, R.M., Bouck, E.C. (2020). Special education in contemporary society: An introduction to exceptionality. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.