-
The Renaissance is the name given in the 19th century to a broad cultural movement that took place in Western Europe. It was a transitional period between the Middle Ages the beginning of the Modern Age.
The Renaissance was the result of the spread of humanist ideas which shaped a new understanding of humanity the world the term Renaissance was used to highlight certain elements of classical Greek Roman culture.
The concept of the Renaissance was used in the 19th century by Jules Michelet. -
The Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mary of the Flower is the episcopal seat of the Archdiocese of Florence, Italy. It is one of the masterpieces of early Renaissance architecture of the Italian Renaissance,A symbol of the wealth and power of the Tuscan capital during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Florentine cathedral is one of the grandest buildings in Christendom. Its name refers to the lily, the symbol of Florence, or to the ancient name of the town, Fiorenza. -
The Vatican Pietà is a marble sculptural group created by Michelangelo between 1498 and 1499. It measures 1.74 by 1.95 meters. It is located in Vatican City.
The sculpture depicts the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ after the crucifixion. The drama of the scene is balanced by the tenderness and beauty of the ensemble: a young mother imploring mercy for her dead son.
The Virgin Mary, young, beautiful, and pious, her garments flowing with numerous folds, holds the dead Christ. -
The School of Athens is one of the most important paintings by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael Sanzio. It was sketched between 1509-1510 and painted between 1510-1512 as part of a commission to fresco the rooms now known as the Raphael Rooms in the Apostolic Palace in Vatican City. The Stanza della Segnatura was the first to be decorated and The School of Athens the second painting to be completed after The Disputation over the Sacrament and The School of Athens representing philosophy -
Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire, known as "Caesar", reigned jointly with his mother, Joanna, over all the Hispanic kingdoms, states, and lordships under the name of Charles I, thus uniting for the first time the crowns of Castile and Aragon, including Navarre, in one person. His mother, Joanna I of Castile, inherited the Crown of Castile from Isabella the Catholic in 1505 and the Crown of Aragon from Fernando the Catholic in 1516, but he did not exercise any power from 1506.
-
The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Peace of Religions, was a treaty signed by Ferdinand I of Habsburg, brother and representative of Emperor Charles V, and the Imperial States, on 25 September 1555 in the free city of Augsburg in Germany, by which the religious conflict of the Protestant Reformation was resolved.Un acuerdo que divide el Imperio de Carlos V en dos confesiones cristianas y otorga a los príncipes alemanes la capacidad de elegir la confesión a practicar en sus Estados. -
Philip II of Spain, known as "the Prudent," was King of Spain from January 15, 1556, until his death; of Naples and Sicily from 1554; and of Portugal and the Algarves—as Philip I—from 1580, achieving a dynastic union that lasted sixty years. He was also King of England and Ireland iure uxoris, through his marriage to Mary I, between 1554 and 1558.
He was the son and heir of Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal, brother of Mary of Austria and Joanna of Austria. -
The War of the Communities of Castile was the armed uprising of the so-called comuneros (commoners) that took place in the Crown of Castile, that is, at the beginning of the reign of Charles I. The main cities were those in the interior of the Central Plateau, with Segovia, Toledo, and Valladolid leading the uprising. Its nature has been the subject of heated historiographical debate, with contradictory positions and approaches. Some scholars describe the Communities as an anti-manorial revolt.
-
The capture of Granada in January 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs did not mean the end of the Muslim threat to the Peninsula. The advantageous terms of the capitulation favored the uprising of the Muslims of the Albaicín region of Granada at the end of 1499. Although the rebellion was suppressed, its influence spread to rural areas, especially the mountainous regions of the Alpujarras and the Serranía de Ronda, forcing King Ferdinand himself to lead the troops that put down the rebellion.
-
The Eighty Years' War was a war fought between the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands and their sovereign, Philip II of Spain. The rebellion against the monarch began in 1568 under Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, and ended in 1648 with the recognition of the independence of the seven United Provinces, now known as the Netherlands. As a pretext, Margaret's relations with the Protestant Dutch nobility were never entirely fluid.
-
The Union of Arras was an international agreement signed on January 5, 1579, in the city of Arras, by which some provinces of the southern Netherlands recognized the sovereignty of Philip II in the context of the Eighty Years' War. Cities with a large Catholic majority, such as Aalst, Bailleul, Bourbourg, Geraardsbergen, Mechelen, and Nivelles, quickly joined.
The provinces of Namur, Luxembourg, and the Duchy of Limburg, despite being in favor of the Union of Arras, did not sign the agreement. -
The Union of Utrecht was an agreement signed in the Dutch city of Utrecht between the rebellious provinces of the Netherlands. It is considered the origin of the Republic of the United Provinces, although it was not officially recognized until the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Following the signing of the Union of Arras on January 5, 1579, by some provinces in support of the Spanish Crown, the northern provinces, led by William of Orange, reacted by signing the Union of Utrecht. -
The defeat of the Armada was not only an English victory, but a disaster for the Spanish fleet due to several factors: the naval Battle of Gravelines, in which the English attacked the dispersed Spanish fleet, and the bad weather, which caused shipwrecks and the sinking of many ships during their return attempt, forcing the fleet to surround the British Isles. The Spanish sought to invade England to restore Catholicism, but failed in their objectives and it was a severe blow to the Spanish navy. -
The myth of Apollo and Daphne tells of Apollo mocking Eros. Annoyed by Apollo's arrogance, Eros devised a way to get revenge and shot a golden arrow that caused immediate love in whomever it struck. Another shot wounded the nymph Daphne with a lead arrow, which caused rejection in love. So when Apollo saw Daphne one day, he was struck by love and set out in pursuit. Daphne, tired of being pursued by Apollo, asked her parents for help, who turned her into a tree. -
The famous square, a notable example of Baroque architecture and urban planning, is dedicated to the saint of the same name and is the daily meeting place for thousands of Catholic faithful from all over the world. The square is divided into two parts: the first is a trapezoid, the longer side of which corresponds to the basilica's façade, with perspective motifs; and the second is an oval with the Egyptian obelisk in the center. -
As one of the diplomatic representatives of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia in the negotiations for the signing of a peace treaty between Spain and the Netherlands, Rubens was summoned to Madrid by King Philip IV, where he remained from August 1628 to April 1629, to learn about the negotiations. Sharing his studio with him during his stay at court, Velázquez became well acquainted with Rubens's work, which included 40 works, including the Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV. -
The Baroque was a period in the history of Western culture originated by a new way of conceiving art and which, starting from different historical and cultural contexts, produced works in numerous artistic fields: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, opera, dance, theater, etc. It manifested itself mainly in Western Europe, although due to colonialism it also occurred in numerous colonies of European powers. A good example of baroque art is The Meninas by Diego Velazquez.
-
The term Neoclassicism emerged in the 18th century to describe the aesthetic movement that reflected in the arts the principles of the Enlightenment, which had been developing in philosophy since the mid-18th century and had subsequently spread to all spheres of culture. However, coinciding with the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte, Neoclassicism gradually lost ground in favor of Romanticism. European Neoclassicism in the visual arts began in 1760, in opposition to the Rococo style.
-
In 1774, David won the Prix de Rome with his work Érasistrate découuvrant la cause de la maladie d'Antiochius dans son amour pour Stratonice. This led to his five years in Rome as a student under the care of the French government. Upon his return to Paris, he presented an exhibition at which Diderot praised his painting; the success was so resounding that King Louis XVI of France allowed him to stay at the Louvre, a long-standing privilege much coveted by artists. There he met Pécoul. -
The Family of Charles IV is a group portrait painted in 1800 by Francisco de Goya. It is housed in the Prado Museum in Madrid.
Goya began working on the sketches in the spring of 1800. He painted the final version between July 1800 and June 1801, sending the invoice in December 1801. It belonged to the private collections of the Royal Palace in Madrid, where it appears in the 1814 inventory. It became part of the newly founded Prado Museum in 1824, by order of King Ferdinand VII.