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Utilizing the Great Crash of 1929 by John Kenneth Galbraith, I include the 1929 crash because it embodies the height of speculative optimism when Americans believed everyone could become a capitalist. As Galbraith says, Raskob’s 1929 plan let the “poor man…increase his capital just as the rich man was doing,” and investors placed “professional financial knowledge, skill, and manipulative ability” that far exceeded real assets (Galbraith, pp. 56–57). -
Utilizing Susan Estabrook Kennedy, Herbert Hoover earned inclusion on such a list. He had "more than achieved his boyhood goal-to earn my own living without the help of anybody" as a self-made engineer and relief organizer, and he successfully led both local and international initiatives (Joslin, Hoover Off the Record, p. 22). His administrative ability and leadership gave him a solid foundation on which to assume presidential obligations. -
These thinkers merit inclusion because they capture the century’s extremes. Berlin calls it “the most terrible century in Western history,” Levi notes survivors “are not true witnesses,” and Montalcini observes “there have been revolutions for the better.” Their reflections reveal both human suffering and progress (A bird eye view page 1) from the Age of Extremes by Eric Hobsbawm -
Dollar overvaluation threatened stability, prompting Nixon to freeze prices and wages and impose tariffs. His policy was controversial abroad and led to floating exchange rates. As the text notes, Nixon aimed to “protect the dollar from the attacks of international money speculators” (Nixon Presidential Library). These events merit inclusion because they show U.S. economic intervention, limits of fixed exchange rates, and the shift to modern global finance. -
U.S.regulatory policy evolved through the Administrative Procedure Act,economic deregulation, benefit-cost analysis, and White House review via OIRA. To this, President Trump's regulatory budget adds a new layer.As Carter noted,"Priorities must be set to make certain that the first problems addressed are those in which regulations are likely to bring the greatest social benefits"(Carter, 1980).These milestones show the balance between agency power, public accountability,and efficient regulation. -
Schiller’s analysis merits inclusion because it shows how the Internet shifted from public service to profit-driven digital capitalism, highlighting social inequalities and corporate influence. He explains, “Under the sway of an expansionary market logic, the Internet began a political-economic transition toward…digital capitalism” (Schiller, 2014, p. 23). This reveals technology’s economic and social impact. -
This Interpretation merits inclusion because it ultimately explains how global imbalances and loose U.S. monetary policy triggered the financial crisis, while highlighting India’s effective response through strong banking practices and gradual financial opening. As noted, “Dynamic provisioning by the banking system provided buffers against negative shocks” (Mohan, 2009, p. 1). -
Schor’s study merits inclusion because it highlights how the sharing economy, despite its rhetoric of social good, can increase inequality among the bottom 80% by favoring already well-off, educated providers. She notes, “Providers are highly educated and many have well-paying full-time jobs…suggesting a crowding-out effect” (Schor 1) -
This analysis merits inclusion because it demonstrates how swift and substantial fiscal and monetary policies helped the U.S. recover rapidly from the pandemic recession, in contrast to the slower recovery after the Great Recession. As noted, “From a jobs and growth standpoint, the economy was essentially healed by the end of 2023” (U.S. Treasury, 2023) -
This work merits inclusion because it highlights how digitalization under capitalism transforms human mental labor into a source of profit, emphasizing the economic and social implications of technology. The author notes that digital platforms function as “the capitalist appropriation of people’s mental labour” (Author, Year, p. 1), revealing the commodification of cognitive work.