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King Louis XVI convened the Estates General to address France’s financial crisis, but it led to demands for political reform and the formation of the National Assembly. -
A revolutionary crowd stormed the Bastille prison in Paris, symbolizing the start of the French Revolution and the fall of absolute monarchy. -
A fundamental document of the Revolution that proclaimed liberty, equality, and fraternity as the rights of all men. -
Written by Olympe de Gouges, it argued that women should have the same rights as men, challenging the gender inequalities of the time.
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King Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and executed by guillotine, ending the monarchy. -
A period of extreme violence during the Revolution where thousands, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, were executed by guillotine under Robespierre’s rule.
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Robespierre was arrested and executed, marking the end of the Reign of Terror and a shift toward a more moderate government. -
A five-member governing body that ruled France after the fall of Robespierre but was unstable and eventually overthrown by Napoleon.
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The government established after Napoleon’s coup, with him as First Consul, leading to his eventual declaration as Emperor.
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Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and established the Consulate, effectively ending the French Revolution. -
Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of France and expanded his rule across Europe before his eventual downfall.
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One of Napoleon’s greatest victories, where he defeated Russian and Austrian forces, securing his dominance in Europe. -
After his defeat, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba but managed to escape and return to power in France for the Hundred Days.
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The great powers redefined Europe's borders after Napoleon.
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Louis XVIII restored the Bourbon monarchy after Napoleon's exile.
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Napoleon was sent to the remote island of St. Helena, where he spent the rest of his life in captivity.
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Napoleon’s final defeat against the British and Prussian forces, leading to his second exile. -
A period of liberal reforms in Spain, cut short by foreign intervention.
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Napoleon died in exile on St. Helena, likely from stomach cancer, though some theories suggest poisoning. -
Charles X's conservative rule ended with the July Revolution.
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He lost power after a revolution.
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Greece gained independence after a war against the Ottoman Empire. -
Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands after revolution. -
It was a German customs union.
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Many European countries had uprisings. -
The Second Republic was created after the 1848 Revolution, but it was short-lived.
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Napoleon III became Emperor.
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France and Sardinia won against Austria. -
Another key battle for Italian unification. -
He helped unite southern Italy. -
Italy became one country. -
Prussia and Austria fought Denmark. -
Prussia defeated Austria in 7 weeks. -
France and Prussia went to war. -
Germany became an empire.