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Kant introduced Deontological Ethics, where actions are judged by whether they follow a rule or duty—not by their outcomes. His Categorical Imperative says we must treat others as ends, not mere means. 🔗 Application to Business: Promotes principle-based decision-making, ethical leadership, and fair employee treatment regardless of profit outcomes. -
Mill developed Utilitarianism, the belief that the best actions are those that maximize overall happiness or well-being. 🔗 Application to Business: Used in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), policy-making, and marketing—helping leaders decide actions that benefit the majority while minimizing harm. -
Nietzsche emphasized individual strength, the will to power, and questioned traditional moral values. He encouraged people to rise above conformity. 🔗 Application to Business: Influences bold entrepreneurship, brand leadership, and innovative cultures that embrace disruption and personal vision. -
Sartre’s Existentialism centers on personal freedom and responsibility. Humans create their own values through choices. 🔗 Application to Business: Encourages self-accountability, authentic leadership, and empowering workers to find meaning in their roles. -
MacIntyre revived Virtue Ethics, stressing moral character and community traditions over rigid rules. Good practices depend on good people. 🔗 Application to Business: Stresses ethical leadership, strong organizational culture, and developing virtues like honesty, trust, and perseverance in the workplace.