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Treaty of Versailles with Germany
The treaty effectively ended World War l and subjected Germany to heavy reparations, loss of territory, and reduction in military. The treaty also created the League of Nations. Its harsh terms led to resentment in Germany towards the Allies. SWWC: German resentment fueled the rise of nationalism and extremism with Adolf Hitler, who set out to reverse the Treaty through major German expansion. -
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Fiume Crisis
A nationalist Italian poet named Gabriele D’Annunzio led an invasion of the Adriatic city of Fiume with 300 ex-soldiers. The Italian government did nothing to stop him. The Treaty of Rapallo ended the invasion, which made Fiume a free city.
SWWC: Italy's reluctance to stop the invasion showed its dissatisfaction with the Peace settlement. -
Plebiscite in Upper Silescia
A dispute between Germany and Poland over the Upper Silescia region. The area contained ethnic Germans who wanted the area to belong to Germany, and the ethnic Poles wanted it to be part of Poland. The plebiscite set up by the League was contested by both sides but eventually resulted in the area being divided between the two. SWWC: There was some resentment from Germany, and the plebiscite highlighted the League's ability to solve conflict. -
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Washington Naval Conference
The US held a conference to address tension in East Asia and the Pacific and to prevent an arms race between the USA, Britain, and Japan. The conference resulted in a series of treaties to reduce naval arms and ease tensions. The treaties only banned certain weapons and lacked weapons/ships, and it lacked an enforcement mechanism.
SWWC: Caused some lasting resentment in Japan as it prevented them from expanding freely. -
Genoa Conference
The conference was held to address the economic situation in Europe, specifically German reparations, as well as Russian relations within Europe. The conference failed due to France's unwillingness to budge on German reparations. SWWC: The failure of the conference led to British resentment towards France and the Rapallo Pact between Germany and Russia. -
Chanak Crisis
Kemal of Turkey sent troops to the neutral zone between Britain and Turkey, making war seem like a possibility. The League did not intervene. The conflict was resolved through the armistice of Mudanya, which granted Kemal almost all he wanted. SWWC: The resolution of the crisis ended the Treaty of Sevres. -
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Lausanne Conference
The conference was held with Turkey to renegotiate the Treaty of Sevres. It was replaced with the Treaty of Lausanne, which recognized Turkey's independence under Kemal, Turkey's claims to Anatolia and Thrace, created demilitarized zones for trade in the Straits, ended foreign states' economic influence, and ended Turkish reparations payments.
SWWC: The treaty marked the first formal change to the Paris Peace Settlement and strengthened Turkey. -
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Ruhr Crisis
Outraged by the inability of Germany to meet reparations payments, France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr. The Ruhr was Germany's most industrially productive region. The German government ordered workers in the Ruhr to engage in passive resistance, which caused hyperinflation. SWWC: The crisis worsened the German economy but led to the signing of the Dawes Plan, which restructured Germany's reparations and endedthe occupation of the Ruhr. -
Locarno Conference
The conference was held to stabilize tensions in Europe. Within the conference, Germany, France, and Belgium agreed to respect their joint frontiers. The Treaty of Mutual Guarantee was signed, which stated that other nations would aid France in the event of a German attack, giving it a sense of security.
SWWC: The treaties led to the Locarno spirit in Europe, improving relations and causing optimism for the future. -
Young Plan
American banker, Owen Young, chaired a committee to discuss lowering German reparations. Reparations payments were lowered from 132 billion to 112 billion, and an international bank was set up to solve economic disputes. The plan also removed international control of the German economy and called for Anglo-French evacuation of the Rhineland.
SWWC: The plan improved Germany's economy and international relations.