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Liberalism
Liberalism is mostly a modern phenomenon that started in the 17th century, although some liberal philosophical ideas had precursors in classical antiquity and Imperial China. -
Coal and Iron
In 1709, Abraham Darby developed a new method of producing iron using coke instead of charcoal as a fuel -
Steam Engine
It was used to pump water from mines. Steam engines largely relied on coal as a fuel source and could generate far more power than humans or animals. As steam engines became more and more efficient, they were made to power trains and ships. -
The First Industrial Revolution
This process began in Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee to describe Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840. -
Spinning Jenny
The spinning jenny had one hand-powered wheel but eight spindles. Thus, a person could create eight strands of yarn simultaneously. Later versions of the spinning jenny had even more spindles. These large machines were put in factories, where fewer, less-skilled workers produced more yarn. -
Water-powered Loom
It was used water power to speed up the weaving process, the predecessor to the modern power loom. His ideas were licensed first by Grimshaw of Manchester who built a small steam-powered weaving factory in Manchester in 1790, but the factory burnt down. -
Socialism
The government controls some of the means of production
Distribute wealth more evenly
St Thomas More
Wrote the book Utopia
Robert Owen
New Lanark
Utopian socialist community -
The First Railroad
Steam Locomotive Invented: The steam locomotive is invented in England. 1823: 1st Public Railway: The first public railway in the world opens in England. -
Industrial factories
These started in the late 1800th century.
WORKING CLASS
12 hours per day
6 days per week
No job security
No minimum wage -
Nationalism
Scholars frequently place the beginning of nationalism in the late 18th century or early 19th century with the American Declaration of Independence or with the French Revolution, though there is ongoing debate about its existence in varying forms during the Middle Ages and even antiquity. -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of European nations that set out a strategy to maintain peace and stability throughout the continent. It gathered in 1814 following the first defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France and namesake of the Napoleonic Wars. -
Conservatism
The first established use of the term in a political context originated in 1818 with François-René de Chateaubriand during the period of the Bourbon Restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution and establish social order. -
The Reform Bill in Great Britain
In 1832, Parliament passed a law that changed the British electoral system. It was known as the Great Reform Act, which gave the vote to middle-class men, leaving working men disappointed. -
Karl Marx
Karl Marx created and promoted his own brand of socialism, which he named scientific socialism. In a socialist society, a large portion of production means are owned by the society or the government, in contrast to capitalism. Marxian socialism ends in a communist society, which is stateless and classless. -
Italian Unification.
Italian unification was caused by the spread of ideas such as nationalism, liberalism, and democracy that inspired the Italian people to fight for their own unified country rather than being ruled by foreign monarchs. -
The Second Industrial Revolution
The second Industrial Revolution is usually dated between 1870 and 1914. It was a period when advances in steel production, electricity, and petroleum caused a series of innovations that changed society. With the production of cost-effective steel, railroads were expanded, and more industrial machines were built. -
German Unification
Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. -
Kaiser of Germany
His dismissal of Chancellor Bismarck in 1890 and ambitious aim to make Germany a world power served to disrupt the established balance of the European order. He was Queen Victoria's first grandson, but his ambivalent, love-hate attitude to Britain strained relations between the two countries. -
Crimean War
The Crimean War lasted from 1854 until 1856 and encompassed trench warfare, amphibious assaults, and naval blockades. The primary center of the conflict was in Central Asia, including areas in Ukraine that are now embroiled in conflict, where the Russian Empire fought an alliance of Ottoman, English, and French forces. -
Germans turned to Prussia for leadership
The Franco-German War of 1870–71 established Prussia as the leading state in the imperial German Reich. William I of Prussia became German emperor on January 18, 1871. Subsequently, the Prussian army absorbed the other German armed forces, except the Bavarian army, which remained autonomous in peacetime.