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Israeli-palestine conflict 2
Britain took control of Palestine in World War I after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled that part of the Middle East. Jews had historical links to the land, but Palestinian Arabs also had a claim dating back centuries and opposed the move. The British said the rights of Palestinian Arabs already living there had to be protected. -
`Israeli-Palestine conflict 3
The day after Israel declared independence, it was attacked and surrounded by the armies of five Arab nations. The conflict came to be known in Israel as its war of independence. By the time the fighting ended with an armistice in 1949, Israel controlled most of the territory. -
Israeli-Palestine conflict 4
What is known as the Six-Day War changed boundaries in the Middle East and had major consequences for Palestinians. The war saw Israel fight Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. It started when Israel launched a strike on Egypt's air force. By the time the fighting ended, Israel had captured the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza from Egypt, and East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan. About a million Palestinians in the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem came under Israel's control. -
Modern Iraq 2
Since 2003, USIP has operated uninterrupted in Iraq, providing problem-solving platforms and technical assistance to civic groups and subnational and national government institutions involved in conflict prevention and peacebuilding efforts. supporting ethnic and religious minorities as they recover from ISIS’s genocide; supporting governance and adaptation, especially related to water insecurity; and informing policy through research, analysis, and convening. -
Belt and Road initiative
China's Belt Road Initiative was a start of a signal of economic notice to China, by aiding other countries in need. -
The Silk Road
The original Silk Road arose during the westward expansion of China’s Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), which forged trade networks throughout what are today the Central Asian countries of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as modern-day India and Pakistan to the south. Those routes extended more than four thousand miles to Europe. -
Belt and Road Initiative 2
Xi’s vision included creating a vast network of railways, energy pipelines, highways, and streamlined border crossings, both westward—through the mountainous former Soviet republics—and southward, to Pakistan, India, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Such a network would expand the international use of Chinese currency, the renminbi, and “break the bottleneck in Asian connectivity,” according to Xi. -
Russian Invasion in Ukraine 3
In early February 2022, satellite imagery showed the largest deployment of Russian troops to its border. Negotiations between the United States, Russia, and European powers failed to bring about a resolution. In late February 2022, the United States warned that Russia intended to invade Ukraine, citing Russia’s growing military presence at the Russia-Ukraine border. President Putin then ordered troops to Luhansk and Donetsk for a “peacekeeping” function. -
Russian Invasion in Ukraine 2
In October 2021, months of intelligence gathering of Russian troop movements, force build-up, and military contingency financing culminated in a White House briefing with U.S. intelligence, military, and diplomatic leaders on a near-certain mass-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. Leading up to the invasion, the Joe Biden administration reduced information-sharing constraints and allowed for the broader dissemination of intelligence and findings, both with allies—including Ukraine—and publicly. -
Russian Invasion In Ukraine
Armed conflict in eastern Ukraine erupted in early 2014 following Russia’s annexation of Crimea. The previous year, protests in Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv, against Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych’s rejection of a deal for greater economic integration with the European Union (EU) were met with a violent crackdown by state security forces. Subsequently, the protests escalated, and President Yanukovych fled the country in February 2014. -
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Hamas launched its deadly attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, prompting the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to engage in aerial campaigns and ground operations within the Gaza Strip. -
Modern Afghanistan
Rugged, remote, riven by tribal rivalries and religious violence, Afghanistan seems to many a country frozen in time and forsaken by the world. Afghan Modern presents a bold challenge to these misperceptions, revealing how Afghans, throughout their history, have engaged and connected with a wider world and come to share in our modern globalized age. -
Modern Afghanistan 2
Always a mobile people, Afghan travelers, traders, pilgrims, scholars, and artists have ventured abroad for centuries, changing the world. Robert Crews traces the roots of Afghan globalism to the early modern period, and other urban centers forged linkages with far-flung imperial centers throughout the Middle East and Asia. refuting the usual portrayal of Afghans as pawns in the “Great Game” of European powers and of Afghanistan as a “hermit kingdom.” -
Modern Iraq
Iraq continues to recover from cycles of conflict that have displaced millions of people and caused widespread destruction. As the country rebuilds domestically and reintegrates into the region and the international community, it also needs to improve governance, diversify its economy and address water insecurity, among other challenges. Iraq also continues to grapple with the lasting human legacies of ISIS, and internally displaced persons. -
Modern Iran
This paper provides an overview of Iran’s modern history from a social, cultural, and political perspective while also considering factors related to gender and race. It thereby delineates how political trends in the Middle East have influenced the country and how its history of revolution has, in turn, impacted the region. It discusses Western perceptions of the Iranian and Middle Eastern “Other,” the Iranian Diaspora, political Islam, and post-Islamism are also discussed. -
Modern Iran 2
Can one properly speak of modernity about what many consider to be the paradigmatic Islamic state? Since its 1979 revolution seized the world's attention, the Islamic Republic of Iran has remained a subject of misunderstanding, passion, and polemic, making it even to ask. This book—a study of Iran's political culture in the broadest and deepest sense—looks into both of these questions by examining the tremendous changes taking place in Iran today. -
What is happening now in Ukraine?
Three years since Russia’s February 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia still occupies roughly 20 percent of the country after gaining over four thousand square kilometers of territory in 2024. Russia continues to bombard Ukrainian cities, while Ukraine maintains drone attacks on Russian ships and military vehicles. Fighting and air strikes have inflicted over 40,000 civilian casualties, while 4 million people are internally displaced, and 6.8 million have fled Ukraine. -
Modern China
China is the world's most populous country with a rapidly growing economy, an expanding political presence, and at the beginning of the 21st century, 1.3 billion people lived there. ‘What is modern China?’ looks at what China looks like today. Despite its image of prosperity, it is fast becoming one of the world's most unequal societies. China is also suffering from a resource and environmental crisis. Today, China is a mix of indigenous social and customs and external influences. -
Modern China 2
Since 1978, when China began to open up and reform its economy, GDP growth has averaged over 9 percent a year, and almost 800 million people have been lifted out of poverty. Over the same period, access to health, education, and other services has also significantly improved. China is now an upper-middle-income country. Although China eradicated extreme poverty in 2020, an estimated 17.0 percent of the population. -
Modern China 3
In recent years, growth has moderated in the face of structural constraints. The challenge going forward is to find new drivers of growth while addressing the social and environmental legacies of China’s previous development path. The role of the state also needs to continue to evolve, focus on a fair and stable business environment, strengthening the regulatory system and the rule of law to support the market system, as well as ensuring equitable access to public services to all citizens.