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The Treaty of Versailles was a 1919 peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. -
The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria. -
The Holocaust was the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and murder of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. -
the Germans would not be able to keep military forces in a 50 km stretch of the Rhineland. -
Italy invaded Ethiopia on October 3, 1935, beginning the Second Italo-Ethiopian War to establish an empire and avenge a previous defeat. Despite superior technology and brutal tactics like poison gas, the conflict was prolonged by Ethiopian resistance. -
The Anschluss was the March 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany, a territorial expansion driven by Adolf Hitler's desire to unite all German-speaking peoples into a "Greater Germany" -
the Evian Conference in July 1938 was to address the growing crisis of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria -
The Munich Conference concluded that the Sudetenland territory would be ceded to Germany. -
a 1939 U.S. legislative proposal that would have allowed 20,000 German refugee children to enter the country over two years, outside existing immigration quotas -
The MS St. Louis was a German ocean liner that, in 1939, carried over 900 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution -
a 1939 non-aggression treaty between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union that secretly agreed to divide Eastern Europe, including Poland, into their respective spheres of influence -
to initiate World War II, driven by Hitler's expansionist policies aiming to conquer territory in the east and secure Germany's "living space" -
allowed warring nations to purchase American goods, including arms, provided they paid cash upfront and transported the goods on their own ships -
an agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom on 2 September 1940 -
to initiate World War II, driven by Hitler's expansionist policies aiming to conquer territory in the east and secure Germany's "living space" -
the Royal Air Force (RAF) successfully defended the United Kingdom against Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. -
The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 was a United States program that allowed the President to provide military and economic aid, such as weapons, food, and supplies, to Allied nations vital to American defense during World War II -
a joint declaration made on August 14, 1941, by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill outlining their shared vision for the post-World War II world -
Japan launched a surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, killing over 2,400 Americans and severely damaging the Pacific Fleet -
the first naval battle in history fought entirely by aircraft carriers, resulting in a strategic Allied victory by halting the Japanese invasion of Port Moresby, despite both sides suffering heavy losses, including the U.S. carrier USS Lexington -
destroying four Japanese aircraft carriers and crippling their offensive capabilities, while the U.S. lost only one carrier, the Yorktown -
a U.S. government agency, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1944, to rescue Jews and other victims of persecution in Nazi-occupied Europe. -
the Allied forces landed troops on Normandy beaches for the largest amphibious assault in history, beginning the march eastward to defeat Germany -
a surprise attack launched through the Ardennes Forest in December 1944 to split the Allied armies and force them to negotiate -
The liberation of Buchenwald was the event in April 1945 when the United States Army liberated the Buchenwald concentration camp, freeing the remaining prisoners. -
German U-boats tried to sink Allied merchant ships to starve Britain, but the Allies countered with convoys, radar, and code-breaking to secure their supply lines and project power across the ocean -
the final major battle of the Pacific theater, a bloody and costly strategic victory for the Allies that influenced the decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan to avoid a potentially devastating invasion -
the codename for the atomic bomb dropped by the United States on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, during World War II. -
A Fat Man device was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945. -
marks the end of World War II