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Minamoto no Yoritomo became the first shogun of Japan, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate. This marked the beginning of Japan’s military government, where the shogun held real political power while the emperor became more of a symbolic figure. The establishment of the shogunate introduced a new system of governance, strengthened military authority, and laid the foundation for centuries of samurai rule.
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Zen Buddhism spread throughout Japan, influencing art, culture, and especially the samurai class. It emphasized meditation, discipline, self-control, and simplicity. Samurai adopted Zen practices to focus their minds and improve their combat skills, while Zen philosophy also inspired Japanese gardens, poetry, and architecture, shaping cultural life for generations.
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During this period, samurai became the dominant warrior class in Japanese society. They were highly trained soldiers who served local lords, called daimyo, and were rewarded with land or privileges. Their role went beyond the battlefield—they influenced politics, culture, and social hierarchy. The samurai established a strict code of honour and loyalty, forming the backbone of Japan’s military society.
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In 1274, Kublai Khan’s Mongol Empire attempted to invade Japan. Japanese samurai defended the islands against a larger and well-equipped army, and a massive storm, called the “kamikaze” or divine wind, destroyed much of the Mongol fleet. This victory boosted national pride, reinforced the belief that Japan was protected by the gods, and increased the respect and authority of the samurai.
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The Bushido code, or “Way of the Warrior,” became the guiding principle for samurai conduct. It emphasized loyalty, honor, courage, and self-discipline. Samurai were expected to serve their lords faithfully, uphold justice, and maintain moral integrity. The code influenced not only military behavior but also social and cultural values, shaping how samurai lived both on and off the battlefield.