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A device that allowed the mass production of books and media. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany. -
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Occurred in 1453, the city was seized by the Ottoman empire and was the end of the Byzantine Empire. The city is known today as Istanbul. -
Powerful family that ruled England that started with Henry VII in 1485, and ended with Elizabeth I in 1603. -
An Italian named Christopher Columbus was employed by the Spanish monarchs to sail across the Atlantic to hopefully get to India. Instead he finds South America and the Natives. -
The army of Isabella I and Ferdinand II seized Granada, which ended the Muslim rule over the country. -
A decree made by the Spanish Monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II that forced all Jews to either leave the country or convert to Roman Catholicism in three months or face death. -
Michelangelo completed the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel after four years of work -
Beginning of the Protestant Reformation, when Martin Luther began criticizing the church. -
Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the All-Saints Church in Germany, which was noted as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. -
An assembly called by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire regarding Martin Luther's 95 Theses. -
A book written by Machiavelli, regarding civic humanism and politics. -
Declared that the king has ultimate power over the English church, removing England from the Roman Catholic Church. -
Was formed when Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church. -
A book that argues that the sun rather than the earth is at the center of the universe and that the earth revolves around it. -
A council at the center of the Catholic Reformation, a movement in response to the Protestant Reformation. -
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire allows the princes and lords to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism for their states, officially recognizing "Cuis regio, eius religio," (whose realm, his religion). -
A targeted attack by a Catholic mob on Calvinists. -
The final event of the French religious wars between Henry III, the King of France, Henry of Naverre, the Protestant leader and supposed heir to the French throne, and Henry I, Duke of Guise, the head of an ultra-Catholic group. -
The English beat the Spanish through several naval attacks. -
They were rivals, which spanned from a rejected marriage proposal and escalated to violence. Their rivalry was partially religious, as the Spanish were devout Catholics while Elizabeth turned England Protestant. -
A decree by Henry VI that allowed Protestantism in the country, ending the religious wars in France. -
Three incidents in Bohemia where people were thrown out of windows. -
War fought in central Europe between 1618 and 1648 and was one of the most destructive wars in European history. -
A series of civil wars and political machinations between royalists and parliament in England. -
Royalists (supporters of Charles I) and Parliamentarians (supporters of Oliver Cromwell) were the opposing sides of the civil war and fought over things like religion and the power of the monarchy. -
Charles I was executed in January of 1649 in London. The establishment of commonwealth was established as a republic after the execution of Charles I. -
Series of treaties signed in 1648 in Munster and Osnabruck that ended the thirty years' war. -
Louis turned a Versailles hunting lodge into the now magnificent palace of Versailles, which was a symbol of the absolute monarchy. He oversaw Frances' colonial expansion and warfare during his long rule. -
King James II was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband, James' nephew, William III. -
Deposition of King James II in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William III of Orange (James' nephew). -
A work of political philosophy that emphasizes natural rights and the rights to revolution. Basically a democracy. -
Act of parliament that restricted the power of the monarch that established parliament as the main decision-making system of England. It established a constitutional monarchy. -
Series of treaties that marked the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, and ensured that the Spanish and French crowns would remain separate. -
Maria Theresa was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dynasty and transformed the Austrian dynasty into a European power. -
Conflict between the European powers that are mainly fought in Europe, the Pacific, and the Mediterranean. -
A 28 volume encyclopedia published in France by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. This spread enlightenment ideas and secular knowledge. -
A global war fought by Frederick the Great of Prussia, Louis XV of France, Maria Theresa of Austria, and George III of England. Ended with the Treaty of Paris (NOT THE SAME ONE AS THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION) -
A very transformative time that was marked by mechanization that turned Britain into an absolute powerhouse. -
A very exciting time in Russia because of the territorial expansions, westernization full of enlightenment ideas, and administrative reforms. All turning Russia into yet another European power. -
A series of rebellions in Russia that took place after Catherine took power. -
Political conflict in the Thirteen Colonies to separate from Great Britain and form as a separate country. -
Foundational book on economics that explains origins of national wealth through concepts of labor and free markets. -
A major document of the French Revolution that outlines major themes of liberty and equality of citizens. -
A period of political and societal change in France with many phases from Liberal to Radical, and ending with Napoleon's rule. Triggered under Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. -
Act of political violence by radicals who attempted to take the armory and prison called Bastille. -
Occurred when the third estate declared itself as sovereign and attempted to create a constitution and constitutional monarchy. -
A successful revolution in the French colony of Haiti led by enslaved African prisoners. -
Louis and Marie were captured and executed by the radicals during the reign of Terror using the Guillotine. -
An awful section of the French Revolution that was led by Maximilien Robespierre. The Committee of public safety was in charge of crushing anti-revolutionary ideas. -
He took power in a bloodless coup after overthrowing France's directory government and ending the Revolution. He was established as the First Consul after creating the Consulate. -
He was crowned Emperor at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris where he also crowned Empress Josephine. -
Emperor Francis II surrendered to Napoleon and therefore dissolved what remained of the empire. -
Led by Prince Metternich restores conservative order. A conference of the European powers - Austria, Prussia, Britain, and Russia. They redrew the European maps and restored peace after Napoleon. One of their goals being to contain France. They focused on restoring the monarchy. -
Napoleon was defeated in the Netherlands by the seventh coalition under the Duke of Wellington. -
A period of European history that was mainly dominated by Austrian Klemens von Metternich that followed the Napoleonic Wars and suppressed nationalism and liberalism. -
Cavalry stormed peaceful protesters at St. Peter's Field. 10-20 people were killed and another 400-700 were hurt. -
Anti-liberal restrictions that were put in place by the German Confederation, led by Klemens von Metternich -
Napoleon died on the island of St. Helena -
A failed coup led by liberal military in Russia. -
Charles X was overthrown and Louis Philippe becomes the "Citizen King." -
A successful uprising that started in Brussels that led to the succession from the Netherlands. -
Reformed the British voting system, and extended voting rights to middle class men meant to increase representation. -
They were inspired by socialist, liberal, and nationalist ideas. Most failed with conservative power restored. Metternich was removed from power, and Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the communist manifesto. -
The war was Russia vs. Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire. This was the first modern war with war correspondents and photography. -
The second Italian Independence war and played an important part in Italian unification. -
A phase of rapid scientific discovery and mass production during the 19th and 20th century. -
A political and social movement that ended with the annexation of multiple states. -
Known as Alexander the Liberator because of his Edict of Emancipation that abolished serfdom in Russia. -
Was fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Both sides were aided by allies of Germany. -
The Germans/Prussians were led by Otto von Bismark and the French were led by Napoleon III. It ended in German unification thanks to Kaiser Wilhelm I. -
The European powers discussed political and territorial boundaries that had been broken by Russian Empire on the Ottomans. -
A major military alliance between three major European powers - Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary that sought to isolate France. -
A meeting of European powers that ended with signing the General Act of Berlin that regulated colonization and trade in Africa. Organized by Bismark when Africa had been 90% colonized. -
A major political scandal in France where a Jewish army officer was falsely convicted of treason and sentenced to Devils Island. -
Involved the Bloody Sunday Protests in Russia. Russia lost the Russo-Japanese War under Tsar Nicholas II and created Duma. -
A pact between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom to form a counterweight to the Triple Alliance. -
Started when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. -
Two war in the Balkan states during 1912 and 1913. -
Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, he was killed along with his wife Sophia in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This served at a major catalyst for WWI.