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18 months - understand that experimenter may like broccoli more than crackers - experimenter has different desires to themself -
18 months - willing to help experimenter who has dropped something
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18 months - infants watched as an experimenter lost her balloon. Infants were more likely to help the experimenter if they had previously observed someone be mean to her (e.g. breaking her necklace or tearing up her painting). -
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mine!
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1-2yo: Parents’ warm and sensitive responding to a child's needs has been established as a robust contributor to empathic concern and prosocial behaviour
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can refer to themselves as a boy or a girl -
27 months - but they struggled with the trunk and often got the arms and legs confused. Children at all ages were good at placing faces, especially the eyes and mouths. -
SYMPATHY starts off as physical comfort, becomes more verbal with age (verbal comfort & verbal advice)
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were more likely to try to repair the damage when the mishap was their fault.
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sometimes tried to repair the damage but they were no more likely to do so when it was their fault.
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emerges at 3yo appears to be well established by middle childhood and has implications for moral behaviour for years to come.
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I am taller than...
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3-4: don't differentiate between heads & bodies, shown in infants drawings, good at drawing faces
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Children high in overt and relational aggression were low in prosocial behaviour. Particularly aggressive students were often rejected by their peers & experienced more negative emotion.
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Sometimes the participant had the opportunity to help another child and sometimes the participant had the opportunity to steal from another child. What varied between conditions was whether another child was watching them or not.
More likely to help when they were being watched, more likely to steal when they were alone. -
9 years - Thompson et al interviews, almost all children reported wanting to be slimmer than they already were -
come to understand that intentions matter, that roles can be reversed and that moral conflicts can be resolved through negotiation and compromise.