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Born in Rome to the Julii family, a poor noble family in the Roman slums of Subura.
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This timeline depicts the life of famous Roman emperor, Julius Caesar and the important events that transpired during his reign over Rome
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When his father died, Julius became head of the household and allied himself with his uncle Gaius Marius against Sulla
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His Uncle Gaius Marius appointed him High Priest of Jupiter
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married his first wife, Cornelia Cinna, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna
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First daughter, Julia born
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stripped of his title of high priest of jupiter by Sulla, an enemy of the Julii family, who was named Dictator of Rome following the victory of the battle at Collin Gate (1st November)
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was forced into hiding for refusing to divorce his wife, was pardoned later that year
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served in Roman army in turkey
https://www.historynet.com/julius-caesar-war.htm -
was awarded the Civic Crown for bravery during the siege of Mytilene
https://notjustanotherbook.com/crowns.htm -
Following Sulla, dictator of Rome's death, Caesar returned to Rome
https://owlcation.com/humanities/An-antique-dictaor-LC-Sulla -
Julius Caesar became a lawyer for two years, and was known for the way he attacked and defended in court, an ancient shark!
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during a trip to Rhodes to learn the art of public speaking, Caesar was captured and held for ransom by pirates for a month
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Julius then set out to find the pirates who held him for ransom and execute them
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Caesar raised his own army and participated in the Third Mithridatic War
https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_mithridatic -
served as military tribune for the year. Military Tribune is an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribune as a stepping stone to the Senate.
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served as quaestor, a low ranking magistrate with financial responsibilities, in Spain
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Married his second wife, Pompeia, granddaughter of Sulla\
https://todayinhistory.blog/tag/pompeia/ -
served as aedile, responsible for temples, buildings and the Games. He staged lavish Games using money loaned from Crassus
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elected pontifex maximus, the head of the principal college of priests, largely due to bribes.
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Their marriage ended in scandal. In 63 BC, Caesar had been elected Pontifex Maximus. An ambitious young nobleman named Publius Claudius Pulcher entered the house disguised as a woman, ostensibly for the purpose of seducing Pompeia. Rumors swirled about Pompeia's fidelity. Caesar felt that he had no choice but to divorce Pompeia, not because he personally believed the rumours, but because the wife of the Pontifex Maximus had to be above suspicion.
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a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities: the commander of an army or an elected magistratus (magistrate)
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61-60 BC he served as governor of the Roman province of Spain
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formed an unofficial alliance(first triumvirate) with Pompey and Crassus. In return for support Caesar would support measures that would benefit them. Cicero was offered a part of the alliance but declined.
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introduced an Agrarian Bill favored by Pompey that would redistribute wasteland in Italy to Pompey's soldiers and homeless poor people
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Cato opposed every law he suggested, especially the agrarian laws that established farmlands for Pompey's veterans on public lands. Caesar responded by having Cato arrested while Cato was making a speech against him at the rostra. So many senators protested this extraordinary and unprecedented use of force by threatening to go to prison with Cato, that Caesar finally relented.
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In 59 B.C. Pompey married the much younger daughter of Caesar, Julia, who was already engaged to Q. Servilius Caepio. Caepio was unhappy so Pompey offered him his own daughter Pompeia.
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married his third wife, Calpurnia Pisonis, who was said to be a very shy and humble woman who tolerated Caesar's infidelities.
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one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic
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After 15 days of pursuit, Caesar decided to make a diversion to Bibracte. The Helvetii attacked the Romans but suffered a decisive defeat. The Helvetii Caesar defeated were part of the pagus of the Tigurini, which in 107 BC had slain the Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, as well as the legate Lucius Calpurnius Piso, the grandfather of the Lucius Calpurnius Piso who was the father-in-law of Caesar.
https://www.estory.io/timeline/view/nZnnRZ/269/The_Gallic_Wars_Pt_1_-_The_Helvetii -
After a decisive victory at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar and his army defeated the Swiss
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He set about planning to conquer all of Gaul and his subsequent conquest is known as the Gallic Wars
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Caesar had for the moment secured his German border. Caesar did not stop there. He chased them into Germania, building a bridge to cross the Rhine in only 10 days.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC) -
Caesar sent three legions and all his cavalry to attack the rear of the Belgic marching column. In his account of this action, Caesar claims that these Roman forces killed as many men as the daylight allowed, without any risk to themselves (as the Belgic forces were taken by surprise and breaking rank, sought safety in flight).
http://dcc.dickinson.edu/images/map-battle-axona-t-dodge -
tensions grew high in Rome due to several poor harvests resulting in grain shortage. Many citizens believed Caesar's Agrarain Law was to blame. It did not help that the relations between Caesar's allies Pompey and Crassus were becoming increasingly strained.
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Julius Caesar, commanding the Roman forces, was surprised and nearly defeated. According to Caesar's report, a combination of determined defense, skilled generalship, and the timely arrival of reinforcements allowed the Romans to turn a strategic defeat into a tactical victory.
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this conference reaffirmed the First Triumvirate and extended his Governorship of Gaul
https://sites.psu.edu/firsttriumvirate/the-problems-and-patching/ -
campaign pushed the Roman territory beyond the Rhine for the first time ever
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During teh first expedition in late August, Caesar landed on a beach in Deal but was unable to push further inland. He made a second expedition in July 54 BC but withdrew to Rome for the winter
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Caesar's daughter, Julia who was married to Pompey, died in childbirth during September of 54BC
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At the decisive Battle of Carrhae, the Roman army found itself surrounded by Parthian archers. Parthian archers shot them all to death with their arrows. Crassus was killed. Caesar and Pompey realized that one of them could actually realize their imperial dreams in the opportunity that they now had. Within four years of Crassus’s death, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River and started a civil war with Pompey in order to acquire this supreme power.
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Caesar's legions were in no mood to spare any of the 40,000 Gauls within Avaricum, especially after 25 days of short rations and great frustration. Only 800 managed to escape the massacre that followed. After feeding and resting his men at Avaricum until early June, Caesar moved on Gergovia, determined to draw Vercingetorix into battle in a campaign that would eventually culminate in the Battle of Alesia.
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Given the size of the losses, Caesar ordered a retreat. In the wake of the battle, Caesar lifted his siege and fled the Arverni lands northeastwards in the direction of Aedui territory.
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Alesia proved to be the end of generalized and organized resistance against Caesar's invasion of Gaul and effectively marked the end of the Gallic Wars. In the next year (50 BC) there were mopping-up operations. During the Roman civil wars Gallia was essentially left on its own.
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now that Pompey and Caesar's alliance was over, Pompey ordered Caesar to come back to Rome as he was the leader of the senate and Caesar's term as governor of Gaul had ended
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Caesar refused to return to Rome without magistrate status under fear that he would be attacked, so he requested that he stay in Gaul and run for reelection. However, the senate refused his request and demanded that he return to Rome
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defeats forces in Spain that were loyal to Pompey
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Caesar lays siege to Massilia, which was loyal to Pompey, leaving the newly raised 17th, 18th, and 19th legions to conduct the siege under the command of Gaius Trebonius. Caesar himself marched with his veteran legions to Hispania to fight the Pompeian generals Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius. He would return to the siege of Massilia after defeating his opponents at the battle of Ilerda. The city fell in September.
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Caesar decides to return to Rome, with the thirteenth legion. This was taken as an act of aggression and forced Rome into Civil War.
http://www.lakesuperiortheatre.com/julius-caesar.html -
Pompey and other senators flee Rome for Greece, but unfortunately forget to take the treasury with them.
https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=char-dir&f=pompey -
a decisive victory over Pompey, who fled to Egypt after the loss.
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Caesar followed Pompey to Egypt, but upon arrival was presented with Pompey's head by Ptolemy XIII. Ptolemy had hoped this would gain favor and win the support of Caesar in his Civil War against his sister Cleopatra. Horrified by the murder of Pompey, Caesar demanded the return of the money Egypt owed to Rome. He took the city of Alexandria for his headquarters, and decided to side with Cleopatra rather than her brother.
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Caesar backed Cleopatra in the Egyptian Civil War and becomes her lover. Ptolemy then lays siege to Alexandria
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Caesar went against Pompey in Macedonia and was forced to retreat to avoid being defeated.
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the siege was lifted due to a large force under Mithridates of Pergamum arrived in Egypt from the North Eastern region of the Empire
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Julius Caesar was victorious against the forces of Ptolemy XIII. Ptolemy drowned in the Nile
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Cleopatra, who was famously known to be romantically involved with Julius Caesar, may have given birth to his son who was named Caesarion
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Julius Caesar was (self)appointed Dictator of Rome for ten years
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Julius Caesar defeated Pompey loyalists under Metellus Scipio
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created the calendar which set the year at 365.25 days divided into 12 months. It remained in effect until the 16th century
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Forces loyal to Pompey's sons were defeated and the elder son was killed
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Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators.
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self appointed himself as the dictator for life, greatly angering the rest of the senators and the citizens of Rome
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Julius Caesar was stabbed 23 times by disgruntled senators
