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Early CALL
In the first stage of CALL, behaviorist approaches that prioritized structured vocabulary and grammar were the main focus. Usually created for mainframe computers, these lectures offered repeated exercises to improve linguistic accuracy. -
Communicative CALL
As personal computers became more widely available at this time, the focus shifted from memorization to communicative activities that promoted interaction and fluency. A major shift was brought about by the emergence of the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) method, which placed an emphasis on meaningful communication and practical language use. -
Integrative CALL
The current phase of CALL has witnessed the integration of multimedia and the Internet, exposing learners to authentic language use. This era emphasizes the need for learner agency and incorporates diverse technologies, including mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) and robot-assisted language learning (RALL)