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1950-Formation of The Arc
Organization
Founded by parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, The Arc has grown into a powerful advocacy organization. It was crucial to push for federal laws like EAHCA and IDEA, which would help millions of families access support services. -
1954 – Brown v. Board of Education
(Federal Legislation)
This Supreme Court case determined that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. While focused on race, it also set the stage for inclusive education movements, including special education, by emphasizing that all children deserve equal education opportunities. -
1971 – PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
State Legislation This court case in Pennsylvania required the state to provide free public education for children with intellectual disabilities. It was a significant step in establishing the rights of children with disabilities and set a precedent for similar legal actions across the country. -
1972 – Mills v. Board of Education of D.C
Federal Case The Mills case established that students with disabilities cannot be excluded from public education because of budgetary limitations. This ruling advanced the concept of "zero reject" policies, ensuring that all children have access to education regardless of their needs. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
This law was the first major federal legislation ensuring that children with disabilities receive a free, appropriate public education (FAPE). It required the creation of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and special services, transforming education across America.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XMndYNEGFA -
Opening of the Kennedy Krieger School
School Opening
The Kennedy Krieger School was established in Maryland to support students with complex neurological and developmental disorders. It has become a model for specialized schools, incorporating research-based practices into its educational approach. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Federal Legislation The ADA expanded civil rights protections for individuals with disabilities by requiring both public and private institutions, including schools, to provide access and reasonable accommodations. This law represented a pivotal moment in ensuring inclusive education environments. -
Reauthorization of IDEA
Federal Legislation When the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was reauthorized as IDEA, it introduced essential updates such as individualized transition plans and expanded services for children with autism. This reinforced the federal commitment to an inclusive and supportive education system. -
Opening of The Bridge School
School Opening Located in California, The Bridge School educates children with severe speech and physical impairments using assistive technologies. It serves as a national model for integrating augmentative communication into the education of students with complex needs.
https://www.bridgeschool.org/ -
IDEA Improvement Act
Federal Legislation This update to IDEA highlighted accountability, early intervention, and the use of research-based instruction such as Response to Intervention (RTI). It also aligned special education practices with the general education reforms established by No Child Left Behind.