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The end of central political control in the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE, when the last emperor, Romulus Augustus, was deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer. -
starting the influence of the Church on European politics -
The early middle ages began with the downfall of the Romans. Germanic people began to invade the Western Roman Empire and the Roman cities were toppled and new rulers took over.
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King Pepin the Short did defeat the Lombards to help Pope Stephen II by returning territories seized from the Church, which led to the creation of the Papal States and began the papacy's temporal rule. -
The Papal States, officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope -
This coronation, performed at St. Peter's Basilica, re-established a western. -
Charlemagne was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800 CE. -
lfred the Great did not fully unite the Saxon kingdoms; rather, he laid the foundations for a unified England, becoming King of the Anglo-Saxons around 886 after defeating the Vikings in 878. -
Around the year 1000 CE, Europe has began to take the shape that we know it as today. The Norman conquest led by William the Conqueror 1066 CE led to the creation of France, England and Germany.
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The Battle of Hastings was fought on October 14, 1066, between the Norman forces of William, Duke of Normandy, and the Anglo-Saxon English army led by King Harold Godwinson. -
The Battle of Manzikert sees the Seljuk Turks defeating the Byzantine Empire, leading to the loss of significant Byzantine territories in Anatolia. This weakened Byzantine control in the region, impacting the stability of the Holy Land. -
Pope Urban II delivers the speech at the Council of Clermont, calling for the First Crusade. This speech urged Christians to take up arms and reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. -
The Crusaders, after a long and bloody siege, capture Jerusalem during the First Crusade. This leads to the establishment of Crusader states in the Levant. -
The Second Crusade, led by European kings like Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, ends in disappointment with failed attempts to recapture territories lost to the Muslims.
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The pivotal Battle of Hattin takes place where Saladin's forces defeat the Crusaders, leading to the recapture of Jerusalem. This prompts Pope Gregory VIII to call for the Third Crusade to reclaim the city. -
Philip II of France, Richard I of England (The Lionheart) and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor lead the Third Crusade. They took back many territories from Saladin but failed to win back Jerusalem.
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The Late Middle Ages saw the ed of the great growth and wealth of the High Middle Ages. In the Late Middle Ages they had some extremely deadly plagues such as the Black Death. This was the period of great civil unrest, but it was also the beginning of strong interest in literature and the arts.
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Pope Innocent III declared the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) with the stated intention of recapturing Jerusalem from Muslim control by invading through Egypt. However, this objective was never met, as the crusaders diverted their mission to attack the Christian city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, instead.
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During the Fourth Crusade, instead of reaching the Holy Land, the Crusaders sack Constantinople, weakening the Byzantine Empire and causing divisions among Christians. -
It was a document that King John of England agreed to, limiting his power and establishing the rule of law. -
The Hundred Years' War was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages.
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Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, invented the mechanical movable-type printing press in Europe, though the technology of movable type had existed in East Asia centuries earlier. -
King Henry VIII ruled England as its monarch from April 21, 1509, until his death on January 28, 1547. He is one of England's most famous rulers, known for his six marriages, the English Reformation which separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church, and his efforts to establish the English navy.
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King Henry VIII initiated the process that created the Church of England after the Pope refused to grant him a divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.