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A neoplatonist writer, very influential on the concept of the Trinity and emanations
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A Christian presbyter of Alexandria, he was the first proponent of the heresy of Arianism, stating that the divinity of Christ was not equal to that of the Father
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After being the first nation to legalize Christianity in 301, King Tiridates III makes it the state religion
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Emperor Constantine defeats Maxentius, the beginning of his conversion to Christianity
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Christians are allowed to worship freely
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Repudiate Arianism, declared Christ to be homoousious with the Father, original Nicene Creed adopted, fixed Easter date, recognized primacy of the sees of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch and granted the See of Jerusalem a position of honor
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Constantine orders and old temple to Aphrodite to be demolished and builds the first part of the church. He ordered his mother Helena to supervise the construction of churches on holy sites for the life of Jesus. During the excavation of the Holy Sepulchre she discovers the True Cross.
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The first construction supervised by Helena and Macarious of Jerusalem. Rebuilt in its present form by Justinian I in 565
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The city of New Rome is consecrated
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Considered to be a semi-Arian, generally did not use force but is considered to have tried to force the Church to accept his views.
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Known for his translation of The Latin Vulgate
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Constantius II, son of Constantine I, inaugurate it
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Becomes Caesar and coregent in 355, he is the last pagan Emperor and attempts to revive paganism despite Christianity's advance
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Due to popular resentment to Origenist followers, he persecutes and has many monks killed. Evagrius flees to Constantinople along with his followers
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Due to his support of the Originest monks from Egypt and his conflict with the Empress Eudoxia he was banished to Georgia and died on his way there.
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800 years since Rome was sacked last by the Gauls in 387 BC
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A neoplatonist writer, possible the teacher of Pseudo-Dionysius
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repudiated Nestorianism, proclaimed the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos ("Birth-giver to God", "God-bearer", "Mother of God"), repudiated Pelagianism, and reaffirmed the Nicene Creed.
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repudiated the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism, adopted the Chalcedonian Creed, which described the hypostatic union of the two natures of Christ, human and divine. Reinstated those deposed in 449 and deposed Dioscorus of Alexandria. Elevation of the bishoprics of Constantinople and Jerusalem to the status of patriarchates. This is also the last council explicitly recognised by the Anglican Communion
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Tried to aid the faltering Western Empire, first emperor to legislate in Greek
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Revolt of 474-476 with Basilicus
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Two leaders of opposing factions are arrested, sparking a major revolt in Constantinople. Justinian I is nearly driven out, but his wife, Theodora, convinced him to stay. Large portions of the city were damaged or destroyed.
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The Codex Justiananus, first created out of Roman Law in 529, is reorganized and published and to be used for the rest of the Empire's duration. The basis of the Napoleonic Code now used by most of Europe.
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In 532 Emperor Justinian I decides to rebuild the Hagia Sophia for the third time from scratch after the second collapsed. It is designed by physicist Isidore of Miletus and mathematician Anthemius of Tralles.
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Greatly dimished the Empire's population
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The second most important church in the city after the Hagia Sophia. It held the tombs of the emperors including Constantine I. It was leveled in 1461 by the Ottomans to make room for the Faith Mosque
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repudiated the Three Chapters as Nestorian, condemned Origen of Alexandria, decreed the Theopaschite Formula
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Of Arabic descent.
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Between 570 and 590 Slavs begin to immigrate in mass, going as far south as the Pelopennese
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The life and teachings of Mohammed lay the foundations of Islam
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New waves of attacks come from the north
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Mohammed begins receiving his revelations, begins spreading his word to Meccans in 613
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Proponent of bridging the gap between Miaphysites and Dyophysites.
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Mentioned the most of all Roman emperors by Arabic historiansIn Surah 30, the Qur'an refers to the Perso-Roman wars as follows:
30:2 Certainly, the Romans will be defeated. 3 In the nearest land. After their defeat, they will rise again and win. 4 Within several years. Such is GOD's decision, both in the first prophecy, and the second. On that day, the believers shall rejoice 5 in GOD's victory. He grants victory to whomever He wills. He is the Almighty, Most Merciful.[42] Tried to reconcile the -
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The Persians make succesful attacks on all fronts and capture much of the Middle East, including Egypt and Asia Minor. Slavic/Avar forces from the north lay seige on Constantinople. Heraclius considers abandoning Constantinople for Carthage but is convinced otherwise by Patriarch Sergius
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He goes to Chrysopolis to a monastery
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Persian forces take Chalcedon in 617, Maximus flees to Carthage where he comes under the tutelage of Saint Sophronius and begins to study Gregory the Theologian and Dionysius the Areopagite.
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Mohammed and his supporters flee Mecca to Medina, beginning of the Islamic Calender
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In order to more effectively govern and extract resources from the provinces, Emperor Heraclius the theme system which eventually becomes entrenched and alters the organization of society
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Heraclius leads forces into the heart of Mesopotamia and forces the Persian Empire to capitulate. He takes the Persian title "King of Kings" later to become the epithet of the Byzantine Emperors
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The True Cross is returned by the Persians to Emperor Heraclius as they sue for peace and returned to Jerusalem. The feast of the Elevation of the Precious Cross stems from this historical event as well as the refinding of the Cross in 326 by Saint Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine
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Under the auspices of Patriarch Sergius I, a reconciliation is attempted by declaring that Christ is of one, theandric energy. Under the resistance of Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem, it is abandoned
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Born in Bahrain, he was ordained a bishop of Nineveh in what is now modern North Iraq
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Persian forces take Chalcedon in 626, Maximus flees to Carthage where he comes under the tutelage of Saint Sophronius and begins to study Gregory the Theologian and Dionysius the Areopagite.
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Al-Khulifaah Al-Rashiduun:
Abu Bakr (632-634 A.D.)
Umar ibn al-Khattab, (Umar І) (634-644 A.D.) The islamic ummah is built and Arabic civilization begins
Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 A.D.)
Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 A.D.) -
A compromise pact between miaphysites and dyophysites
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He now begins to fiercely oppose Monothelitism
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An Arab army defeats Heraclius' army and proceeds to conquer the Levant.
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In 642 he became the last emperor to be Roman Consul. He wanted to diffuse the conflict between the two religious camps by steering a middle path and avoiding debate. He is defeated by the Arabs several times but the first Fitna saves him. In 658 he defeats Slavic tribes in the Balkans.
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By the order of Emperor Constans they were captured and brought to Constantinople for their participation in the Lateran Council of 649
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Begins the division of Islam into the Sunni and Shi'a
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Founded by Muawiyah I after the death of Ali
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Maximus is again condemned of heresy and has his tongue and his right hand cut off so that he could no longer speak or write. He was banished to Colchis in modern-day Georgia and died soon thereafter.
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For four years the Arabs brought in a fleet to beseige the city but were repulsed each time. First mention of Greek Fire in history.
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Died near Jerusalem. He served as the chief adminstrator to the Caliph at Damascus. Until the age of 12 he was educated in a Muslim fashion. His family worked as imperial administrators for the Byzantines as well, his grandfather Mansur for Heraclius.
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With the help of the Khazars and Bulgars he retakes Constantinople. He is considered a tyrant by his subjects and is captured and executed in an uprising. His six year old son and heir is found and executed at St. Mary's of Blachernae. The Heraclian dynasty ends
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Born in northern Syria, Leo was in the service of Justinian II. He forced the abdication of Emperor Theodosius III. Beginning of his reign the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople. Reforms Byzantine law, invites Slavs into depopulated lands. In 722 he tried to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists, he started Iconoclasm
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Civil war with his brother-in-law Artabasdos and continuation of iconoclast policies.
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The emperor threatens to blind and exile all monks who venerate icons
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Son of Constantine V from his first wife Irene of Khazaria
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Despite the support of Patriarch Sergius II, Symeon is denounced by a synod and sent into exile to a location on the asian coast of the Bosphorus
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The last major campaign against the Bulgars under Tsar Samuel, Basil earns his title "Boulgaroktonos". Despite his reputation for cruelty, he shows clemency to the Bulgars and effectively administrates them.
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A famous historian and scholar, during his lifetime Byzantium's intellectual life flowers.
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Constantinople falls to Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II and the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos dies.
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repudiated Arianism and Macedonianism, declared that Christ is "born of the Father before all time", revised the Nicene Creed in regard to the Holy Spirit
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Repudiated Monothelitism and Monoenergism, Maximus is rehabilitated
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restored the veneration of icons (condemned at the Council of Hieria, 754) and repudiated iconoclasm
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Emperor Theodosius I dies and the Roman Empire splits into the East and West Roman Empire
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Emperor Zeno tries to reconcile Chalceonianism and Miaphysitism by avoiding the matter in public decrees, fails
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Once again Heraclius and Sergius I attempt a reconciliation. Now they say that Christ is of two natures but of one will. Pope Honorius dies and is replaced by Severinus who rejects it outright. Heraclius dies shortly thereafter
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Pope Theodore calls a council to condemn Monothelitism and is backed by Maximus. This is seen as the first attempt of the pope to act independent of the Emperor.
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The beginning of the Coptic Calender, corresponds to the year Diocletian became Emperor and the beginning of the Great Persecution
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Hussein, son of Ali and brother of Hassan, is defeated and behead by Umayyad Caliph Yazid I. The day of his death is commemorated by the Shi'a
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An Imperial Edict that made it illegal to discuss in any manner the topic of Christ possessing either one or two wills, or one or two energies.
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Monothelitism was starting to be favored by the Emperor and the Patriarch. Maximus was condemned and exiled for 4 years
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The first council to create a definitive version of the modern Bible.
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Emperor Theodosius I declares paganism illegal, disbanding the Vestal Virgins, the Altar of Victory was removed from the Senate, the eternal fire put out, and most temples closed in Rome.
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Heraclius the Elder, Emperor Heraclius' father, revolts against Phocas. In 610 Phocas is defeated
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Given the lack of a male emperor in the east, Pope Leo III uses the opportunity to crown Charlemagne
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Pope Adrian II authorizes the Slavic liturgy
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Vladimir I accepts Orthodox Christianity. His grandmother Olga had been Orthodox and he married Basil's sister Anna.
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Boris I converts to Orthodox and takes the name of Michael after his godfather Michael III.
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Pope Nicholas I invites them to Rome and blesses their work among the Slavs.
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Cyril and his brother prepare translations of material in Slavonic before their expedition in Const.
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Due to pressure from the archbishop of Salzburg, Methodius is condemned along with his disciples and Slavonic liturgy is forbidden
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Due to Frankish pressures and a desire to make closer ties with Byzantium, Rastislav asks Michael III for help
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Four years later Photios excommunicates Nicholas for the heresy of double procession of the Holy Spirit.
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At the monastery of Stoudios, Symeon becomes his spiritual father but is told to wait before joining a monastic community
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30 monks under Symeon rise up and demand and end to his discipline. The go to Patriarch Sisinios who supports Symeon and exiles the monks.
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St. Symeon begins to worship his spiritual father as a saint despite not being confirmed by the church. Archbishop Stephen takes issue with this
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Methodius and his disciples are driven out and flee to Bulgaria, they devise Cyrillic as Glagolitic is banned at the time. Pope Stephen bans the Slavic liturgy
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Built the Theodosian Walls, New Rome starts to be refered to as Constantinople
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Murdered by Phocas
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Condemned for his belief that Christ's human and divine natures are completely distinct. He was Archbishop of Constantinople from 428 to 431. He represents the Antiochian tradition
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Condemned for his belief of Monophysitism, that is, that Christ's nature was a complete fusion of the human and divine and so making him physically different from other human beings. He was archimandrite at Constantinople for several years and was one of the first to condemn Nestorius.
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Although a iconoclast, he signed the decrees of the Council of 787. He lost much of his support from both sides and was overthrown in 797 by his mother's supporters. Irene restores the veneration of icons and supports the election of Patriarch Tarasios
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In 858 he refused to let Michael III into the Hagia Sophia because he accused him of having a mistress. For that Michael has him deposed and exiled.
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Son of Empress Eudokia Ingerina, who was the mistress of Michael III as well as wife of Basil. Unsure whether he is the son of Michael of Basil. We tried to control the church more and clashed with aristocratic families. He married 4 times and only at the end had a male offspring. Got in trouble with the Patriarch, asked for papal support.
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Illegitemate son of Leo VI, he lost several military campaigns.. He was dominated by co-regents, such as his mother from 913-919 and by chamberlain Romanos Lekapenos from 920 to 945.
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His general Nikephoros Phokas leads a fleet and recaptures Crete. He celebrates a triumph. He makes sons Basil II (5 years old then) and Constantine VIII co-emperors in 960.
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Successful general, succeeds Romanos II after his untimely death. Leads many military campaigns but a poor administrator
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Poor adiministrator.
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A very successful ruler, he spent his youth as a womanizer and let magistrates dominate the government. After two rebellions against his claim to the throne he gives up his life of luxury and commits himself to the empire. Famous for his conquests of Bulgaria and the Middle East, we was also a very capable administrator, leaving the empire much wealthier than he found it.
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The Bulgars begin to slavinize despite their Turkic ancestory
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Start of the first Bulgarian Empire
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Oversaw the first reversal of the Arab advance as well as the 6th Ecumenical Council which denounced Monothelitism.
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Became emperor at age 16. In an agreement with the Arabs, he took in a resettlement of 12,000 Maronites from Lebanon who were being rebelious, some to Cyprus. Resettled Balkan Slavs to Anatolia. He was deposed by Leontius and his nose cut off, later to be replaced by a golden replica.
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Fought with Krum of Bulgaria, started the 2nd Iconoclastic period
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Born of Armenian peasant descent in the province of Macedonia, he had a thick accent. He worked his way up and became a chief magistrate of Michael III. He was declared co-emperor but when Michael III started looking elsewhere he had Michael assassinated. Considered a very effective emperor, the "Second Justinian." Promulgate the Basilika, new codex of laws
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One of three people to hold the title of theologian, after John the Apostle and Gregory of Nazianzos. Studies in the court of Basil II, he was known for his zeal and charisma. Got in trouble a few times with other clergymen. Important expounder of the concept of Divine Light