Absolutism & Global Views

Columbus reaches America [Spain]

Oct 4, 1492

Christopher Columbus was funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to find a trade route to India. Instead, he found America.

Habsburg–Valois Wars, Treaty of Tordesillas instated [Portugal, Spain, Italy]

Oct 4, 1494

The Italian Wars, also known as the Hapsburg Valois Wars were fought between Milan, Venice, and Florence over the power over the city state and in The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain

Absolutism & World Views

Period: Jan 1, 1500 to Dec 31, 1700

Erasmus publishes Greek New Testament

Oct 4, 1516

This was significant event during the Reformation because it prompted others to translate the Bible into their own native language. This caused a large uproar in the Church because they did not want these translations being made.

Utopia was published by Thomas More [England]

Oct 4, 1516

Utopia was a critque of modern society through his beliefs of an ideal society. It had a wondrous impact on society in general as well as improving innumerable individual lives. This ultimately led to the Reformation.

95 theses posted on the Cathedral of Wittenburg [Church, Germany]

Oct 4, 1517

The 95 theses written by Martin Luther addressed the issue of indulgences- payments to the Church in exchange for God's grace. This also stated that salvation was achieved through faith alone.

Charles V (1519-1556) [Spain]

Jan 1, 1519

Charles V began his rule of Spanish empire 1516. He was the Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He carried the title of Holy Roman Emperor making him the ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire.Was constantly at war with France, Protestants and Ottoman Empire.

Luther Publishes three treatises; Zwingli breaks from Rome [Switzerland, Italy]

Oct 7, 1520

Zwingli began a large Reformation movement that resulted in the demise of Catholicism in Switzerland. Luther tried to frame his ideas in terms that would be comprehensible not only to the clergy but to people from a wide range of backgrounds.

German Peasants War [Germany]

Oct 4, 1525

This was in response to the teachings of Martin Luther. They wanted get rid of the social hierarchy and government similar to the way Luther was against Church hierarchy. However, Luther opposed these revolts.

Charles V's troops sack Rome [Spain, Italy]

May 6, 1527

The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527 was a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles and the League of Cognac (1526–1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.

Colloquy of Marburg [Germany]

Oct 1, 1529

The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle Marburg, It attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli about religous beliefs . It took place between 1 October and 4 October 1529. Philipp's primary motivation for this conference was political; he wished to unite the Protestants and Catholics.

Affair of the Placards [France]

Oct 7, 1534

The Affair of the Placards was when anti-Catholic posters appeared in Paris and in major provincial cities. The Affair of Placards brought an end to the conciliatory policies of Francis, who had formerly attempted to protect the Protestants from the measures French Parliament.

Henry VIII breaks with Rome [England]

Oct 7, 1534

The The Pope in Rome would allow Henery to divorce his wife divorce at that time and kings were dependent on the approval of Popes. So Henry broke with Rome and created the Church of England instead. That way he could divorce his wife and be king without the support of the Pope.

Calvin, Institutes of the Christain Religon [France]

Oct 7, 1536

John Calvin's seminal work of Protestant systematic theology was ighly influential in the Western world and still widely read by theological students today, it was published in Latin in 1536 (and in his native French in 1541,

Jesuit Society of jesus established [Spain, Italy]

Oct 7, 1540

The members are Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry. Jesuits work in education founding schools, colleges, universities and seminaries and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.

Council of Trent [Italy]

Oct 7, 1545

An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three sessions in Italy. Prompted by the Reformation, the council clarified and redefined the church's doctrine, and strengthened the authority of the papacy. This provided the church with a solid foundation for the Counter-Reformation.

King Philip [Spain]

Jan 1, 1554

He was an absolute monarch. He ruled Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy and Americas. He considered himself the Guardian of the Catholic Church. He created the Golden Century. He went to war with the Netherlands and Ottomans.

Peace of Augsburg [Germany]

Oct 7, 1555

The Peace of Augsburg, also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League It officially ended the religious struggle between Christains and Protestants.

Treaty of Cateau- Cambrésis [France, Spain, Italy]

Apr 3, 1559

Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, was an agreement marking the end of the struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy, leaving Spain the dominant power there for the next 150 years.

French Wars of Religion [France]

Oct 7, 1562

These were the struggles between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinists), who were fighting for equality in French society and freedom from persecution. It ultimately lead to many of them leaving France for other lands until the persecution ended with the French Revolution.

Revolt of Calvinists in the Netherlands against Spain

Oct 9, 1566

The Revolt of the Spanish Netherlands led to the collapse of Spain as a major European power.The area concerned was part of the Habsburg Empire and known as the Spanish Netherlands.

Poland-Lithuania Formed

Oct 7, 1569

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre [France]

Oct 7, 1572

This was a massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion

St. Bartholomew's day massacre

Oct 9, 1572

Saint Bartholomew's Day was a massacre of French Protestants.About 3,000 French Protestants were killed. The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day reignited religious civil war in France.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585 – 1642)

Oct 6, 1585

French cardinal and statesman; born Armand Jean du Plessis; known as Cardinal Richelieu. He was chief minister to Louis XIII 1624–42 and established the Académie française in 1635.

Spanish Armada [Spain, England]

Oct 7, 1588

The Spanish Armada was the Spanish fleet that had come to conquer Britain in 1588. The purpose was to occupy England, dethrone its ruler (Queen Elizabeth( and to restore 'Roman Catholicism'. Damage to the Spanish fleet and forced it withdraw. England defeated the Spanish Armada.

Edict of Nantes [France]

Oct 7, 1598

This was a group of legal documents issued by King Henry the IV of France that basically established civil rights for the Huguenots, Calvinist Protestants within predominantly Roman Catholic France.

Shakespeare writes Hamlet [England]

Oct 7, 1601

This was historically significant because at the time, the government censors tried to prevent plays from saying anything about current events or recent history. Playwrights took that as a challenge - they tried to sneak things past the censors. Hamlet addresses the affairrs Henry VIII had with Rome.

James I (1603 - 1625) [England]

Oct 6, 1603

Quickly alienated Parliament. Alienated the Puritans when he defended the Anglican Church. Many of the Landed gentry had become Puritans. Made up a large part of the House of Commons

The Gunpowder Plot [England]

Oct 6, 1605

This was an attempt by Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy. They blew up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament. This later became known and celebrated as Guy Fawkes Day.

Louis XIII (1610 – 1643) [France]

Oct 5, 1610

Louis XIII reduced the power of the nobility. He restricted local authorities and created intendants: individuals given to government officials, especially administrators of state affairs.

Thirty Years' war [A lot of European countries]

Oct 7, 1618

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was a series of wars principally fought in Central Europe, involving most of the countries of Europe. It was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, and one of the longest continuous wars in modern history.Between Catholics and Protestants.

Charles I (1625 - 1649) [England]

Oct 6, 1625

Charles I believed in elaborate ceremonies and rituals. Uniformity of church was imposed by a church court Anglican Book of Common Prayer for both England and Scotland. Believed to be pro-Catholic by the Puritans.

Petition of Rights, 1628 [England]

Oct 6, 1628

Citizens made a petition for Charles that was succesfullin creating possitive change.Charles I agreed to: No Imprisonment without due cause. No taxation without Parliament’s consent. No putting soldiers in private homes No martial law during peacetime. He signed and then ignored by dissolving Parliament.

Sweden Joins Thirty Years War [Sweden]

Oct 6, 1630

Sweden had recently become one of Europe's more prosperous countries, growing from a country of peasants and few towns to a country with a money economy that attracted foreign investment and a leading producer of iron and copper. Sweden had grown as a European power, and the Protestant king of Sweden, Gustavus II, feared a Habsburg move against Sweden's domination of the Baltic Sea.

France joins the 30 years war (France)

Oct 10, 1635

France committed itself political measures and only had minimal military involvement but it was short-lived and did not involve the major European powers.

The “Long” Parliament (1640 – 1660) [England]

Oct 6, 1640

The long Parliment was in session from 1640 – 1660. Triennial Act: Stated that Parliament must be called into session at least once every 3 years.

The Civil War 1642 - 1649 [England]

Oct 6, 1642

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

The Fronde [France] U

Oct 5, 1648

The Fronde took power from the kings and was a series of outbreaks during the minority of King Louis XIV, caused by the efforts of the Parlement of Paris. It gave no power to the kings.

Peace of Westphalia ends 30 years war

Oct 10, 1648

The Thirty Years War was ended by the Peace of Westphalia. It was a collection of treaties that brought the Thirty Years War to an end.

Eighty Years' War [Netherlands]

Oct 10, 1648

The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch War of Independence, (1568–1648)[began as a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands. As a result of this war, the Dutch gained independence.

The Commonwealth (1649 – 1653) [England]

Oct 6, 1649

The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. Between 1653–1659 it was known as the Commonwealth of England.

The Protectorate (1654 - 1660) [France]

Oct 6, 1654

The Protectorate is a state that is controlled and protected by another the relationship between a state of this kind and the one that controls it.

First Anglo–Dutch War (1660 – 1665) [England, France, Dutch]

Oct 6, 1660

The First Anglo-Dutch War was fought entirely at sea. Most of the major actions of the war revolved around control of the two principal trade routes upon which Dutch commerce depended: the eastern route through the Danish Sound into the Baltic Sea, and the western route along the English Channel to France, Spain, the Mediterranean and the Indies, with a longer, alternative route around the coast of Scotland.

The Short Parliment [England]

Oct 7, 1660

The short parliament was not held for 20 years while there was rebellion in Scotland. Charles needed money for war with France so he called Parliament into session in 1640 and demand more protection of property. Charles I dismissed Parliament after 3 weeks

Moarchy Restored in England, Restoration begins [England]

Oct 10, 1660

The English Restoration, or simply Restoration, was an episode in the history of England beginning in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War.

Louis XIV takes power

Oct 5, 1661

Reigned 1643–1715; known as the Sun King. His reign represented the high point of the Bourbon dynasty and of French power in Europe. His almost constant wars of expansion united Europe against him, however, and gravely weakened France's financial position.

Barbados institues slave codes [England]

Oct 10, 1661

The Barbados Slave Code, passed by England, denied fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters complete control over them, including the right to inflict vicious punishments. This affected the rest of slavery in America's history. In the pre-Civil War years, this is the exact same type of treatment that slaves experienced.

Second Anglo–Dutch War (1665 – 1667) [England, France, Dutch]

Oct 6, 1665

The Second Anglo–Dutch War was fought between England and the United Provinces from 4 March 1665 until 31 July 1667. England tried to end the Dutch domination of world trade. After initial English successes, the war ended in a Dutch victory. English and French resentment would soon lead to renewed warfare.

War of Devolution 1667 – 68

Oct 9, 1667

Louis XIV invades Spanish Netherlands and leaves Spanish throne in question with Charles II. Louis gains 12 fortified towns and 200,000 Huguenots exit France flee to England Belgium

Second Dutch War 1672 – 78

Oct 9, 1672

Louis XIV invades Spain again. France is at the height of Power and expansion. His goal was to gain political power.

Third Anglo–Dutch War (1674-1678) [England, France, Dutch]

Oct 6, 1674

In 1674, England prepared to go to war with the Netherlands again. Hostilities began when parliament ordered an English squadron under Sir Robert Holmes to make an unprovoked attack on a Dutch convoy, homeward bound from the Mediterranean on 12 March.

War of the League of Augsburg (1683 -97) (France and Spain)

Oct 9, 1683

Louis invades Spanish Netherlands trying to control Europe. Countries come together to stop Spain. Leads to a revelution in England in (1688).

King James II (1685-1688) [England]

Oct 7, 1685

King James was a bigoted convert to Catholicism without any of Charles II’s ability to compromise. He alienated the Tories and provoked the revolution that Charles II had avoided. He surrounded himeself with Catholics Claimed the power to suspend or dispense with Acts of Parliament

Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes

Oct 10, 1685

Louis XIV renounced the Edict of Nantes and declared Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau. This act, commonly called the 'revocation of the Edict of Nantes,' had very damaging results for France. It damaged Louis XIV reputation among Protestants and it made neighboring nations filled with Protestants more hostile for regime

William and Mary Crowned [England]

Oct 10, 1688

William of Orange was corwned the king of England along with Mary and they ruled as joint monarchs.

English Bill of Rights 1689 [England]

Feb 13, 1689

The Bill of rights ettled major issues between the King and Parliament. It served as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights and formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18th and early 19th C in England

War of Spanish Succession (1701 – 13)

Oct 9, 1701

Louis XIV was overseeing the wars as a monarch. Charles II wills Spanish territories to Louis XIV upon deathupseting Spain. In 1704 the Battle of Blenheim was a turning point. and the beginning of the defeat of French military.