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Byzantine emperor Romanus IV loses battle to the Turks.
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Alexius I Comnenus asks the West for help against the Turks. Urban II responds with Council of Clermont which calls for crusade as an act of mercy.
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Peter the Hermit travels around drumming up support. People's crusade heads for Constantinople, doesn't wait for others, destroyed in Anatolia (6, Aug). Prince's Crusade leaves for Constantinople, lead by Godfrey of Bouillon, his bro Baldwin of Boulogne, and Hugh of Vermandois (mid-Aug).
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Bohemond of Taranto, Count Raymond of Toulouse, and Papal legate Adhemar arrive in Constantinople. All take oath of loyalty to Alexius. At Siege of Antioch Baldwin of Boulogne and Tancred (Bohemond's Counsin) split off from group and take Edessa with Baldwin as ruler. Making it the first crusader state and an important buffer zone.
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Latin's besieging Nicea, Alexius makes secret treaty with Nicean ruler and takes it over in the middle of the night without telling Latins. Strike 1 against Alexius.
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Bohemond and buddies take Antioch. Turkish leader Kerbogha besieges the town, but the crusaders get rid of them. Bohemnd chosen as ruler of Antioch.
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Crusaders march to Jerusalem (January), make pathetic attempt to take the city by storm. After one day where everyone got a little weird and walked around barefoot and signing, they began a siege that lasts from July 13th-15th. On the 15th they successfully take the city.
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Kingship offered to Raymond, he refuses on principle, but is pissed when it goes to Godfrey instead. Raymond starts to leave, but turns around when he hears of the Egyptians attacking fellow Crusaders at Ascelon. After helping he really goes home. Godfrey & Tancred left to defend Jerusalem.
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Godfrey dies. Diambert, Papal Legate & Archbishop of Pisa thinks this is his chance to rule as Patriarch of Jerusalem. Instead crown given to Baldwin of Edessa. On his way to Jerusalem he stops and takes Antioch since Bohemond had been captured.
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Baldwin I crowned first king of Jerusalem by Diambert. (1100-18). Removes Diambert from office.
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Third Wave of crusaders unable to leave earlier arrives. Lambards, Stephen of Blois meet up with Raymond. Lambards destroyed in Anatolia.
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Bohemond released, partners w/Baldwin of Boureq (Ruler of Edessa) & Joscelin of Courtenay to capture Aleppo. Defeated, Joscelin & Baldwin captured. Tancred send by Baldwin I to defend Edessa.
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Hospitallers become seperate religious order. Named for the Hospitals they run, however they also have a group of knights who fight.
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Baldwin I dies, problem of succession with no precedent. Baldwin named his bro Eustace of Boulogne but Barons elect Baldwin of Boureq (ruler of Edessa) while Joscelin gets Edessa.
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Balak of Aleppo took Joscelin hostage after attacking Edessa in 1122, Baldwin II counter attacks and is captured. 1122-4 Venetian Crusade. Destroy Egyptian armadad, take Tyre, Balak dies, Baldwin II released.
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Zengi has control over Aleppo and Mosul. Most powerful Muslim yet. Hugh of Payns forms Knighs Templar to escort pilgrams. St. Bernard a fan.
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Baldwin II dies. Last of original crusaders. Lord Fulk of Anjou, wife Melisende (Baldwin II's daughter), and their son Baldwin inherit kingdom.
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Emir of Damascus asks King Fulk for help keeping Zengi out of the city. Fulk helps so Zengi doesn't get to close to Latin kingdoms.
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Zengi besieges Edessa; Joscelin & best troops gone, ask Reymond of Antioch for help but he's a little girl so he refuses out of spite. Melisende sends help, but too little, too late. Dec. 24th Zengi takes Edessa, shatters Christian confidence.
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St. Bernard of Clairvaux drums up support. Louis VII really into the idea.
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Flemish, Normon, & English crusaders leave, stop in Lisbon to help Alfonsi siege it.
Conrad II takes his Germans & doesn't wait for others. Marches on Antioch, gets destroyed at Dorylaeum, go back to wait at Nicea.
Manuel I orders troops to protect Byzantine citizens, leads to Christians fighting more Byzantines than Arabs. -
Louis VII sails to Antioch, orders troops to march, they get massacred by Turks. July 24th, siege of Damascus begins, ends 4 days later. Embarrassing for Christians, empowering for Muslims.
Conrad II goes to Constantinople, Louis VII dicks around for a while.
2nd Crusade ends with more damage down to East/West relations than anything else.
Nur ed-Din strengthened. -
With Melisende gone, Baldwin III successfully sieges Ascalon, putting all of Palestine under Latin control. However while he's doing that Nur ed-Din takes Damascus.
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William of Tyre important in his court as historian of the Crusades
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Baldwin III and Manuel I make alliance; Manuel will march on Antioch & then help Baldwin against ed-Din. Baldwin marries Manuel's niece Theodora.
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Manuel I takes Antioch but lets Reynald rule as a vassal. Maks agreement with ed-Din preserving current boundries, honored by all by asshole Reynald. in 1160 Raynald taken hostage and nobody willing to pay his ransom.
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Baldwin III dies & Amalric takes throne, first gets marriage annuled & children declared legit.
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Vizier of Egypt, Shawar, asks Amalric for help against Shirkuh, ed-Din's Kurdish General. Amalric besieges Shirkuh at Bilbeis, while ed-Din attakcs Latins near Antioch. Amalric agrees to leave Egypt if Shirkuh does.
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ed-Din sends Shirkuh back to Egypt, Amalric helps Shawar again. Besieges Alexandria & take it from Shirkuh. Shawar controls Egypt but pays Latins to leave behind troops in Cairo.
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Amalric marches on Egypt, Shawar goes to old enemy ed-Din for help.Shirkuh sent into Egypt AGAIN, w/army of Damascus. Latins take Bilbeis & march to Cairo. Shirkuh beats them there, leaving Amalric no option but to go home, humiliated. Shirkuh kills Shawar, takes over Egypt, dies 2 months later. Nephew Saladin takes over.
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13 year old Baldwin IV takes over; he's a leper. Saladin takes Damascus; unifies Islam by pacifying Zengi's relatives & marrying ed-Din's widow.
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Leper
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Seljuk Turks crush Byzantine forces. Baldwin IV's sister, Sibylla, marries William Longsword at behest of Regent Count Raymond III of Tripoli.
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Makes 4 year treaty with Franks and alliance with Mosul
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Guy marries Sibylla & becomes regen to Baldwin IV. Falls out of favor when he waits out an attack by Saladin instead of counter-attacking.
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Raymond remains regent while Pope & Kings of Ger/Fr/Eng decide which of his 2 daughters will reign. Joscelin III pulls a fast one on Raymond & tricks control of Jerusalem away from him.
Sibylla can be queen only if she divorces Guy, does, gets crowned, then remarries and crowns him right after.
Raymond pissed, forms alliance with Saladin against Jerusalem. -
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Reynald pissed Saladin off, so he declares war. Guy knows to wait Saladin out, Reymond agrees. Others convince Guy to make treck across desert to reclaim fallen Tiberias. In desert near Hattin troops make camp, get surrounded by Muslims. Next day crusaders rush to volcano (Horns of Hattin) & end up getting slaughtered. All killed or taken captive except Raymond & a few friends. Latin lands have no defensive army, Oct 2 Saladin takes Jerusalem. Greg VIII calls for new crusade.
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Henry II & Philip II leave. Barbarossa leaves with largest army yet, Isaac II makes treaty w/Saladin to slow Fred down. Crusaders side w/Guy in spat between him and Conrad. Guy besieges Acre, Conrad looks petty, must join. Richard I crowned.
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Isaac stops harrassing after Fred takes Adrianople. After entering Turkish lands, on June 10 Fred dies. German armies splinter, most go home. Duke Frederick leads remaining. Guy looses claim to thronw at Sibylla's death. Conrad forces Isabella (Amalric's daughter) to have her marriage annuled and marry him, and is made King.
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Isaac Comnenus (not emperor) captures and imprisons some of Richard's men on Cyprus. Richard responds by taking over Cyprus & uses it as important supplier for 3rd Crusade.
Dick promises to support Guy, he and Philip agree Guy gets it until death then Conrad or his heir. Dick wins Arsuf, later takes Jaffa & Ascelon. Restores confidence. -
Dick & others get close to Jerusalem, decide it can't work, & go back. Pisses of rank & file. Kingship issue STILL not settled; Conrad will get Jerusalem & Guy gets Cyprus. King Conrad murdered by assassins shortly after. Dick's nephew, Henry of Champagne marries Isabella & takes over as ruler but never king.
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Richard leads 2nd march on Jerusalem, decides it won't work again, wants to take Egypt 1st. Others disagree, Dick says he'll fight but not lead an attack on Jerusalem, w/out him leading nothing really happens. Richard gets sick, and settles 3 year peace with Saladin. Dick goes home. 3rd Crusade ENDS.
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Not satisfied with assurance of safe passage, wants more.
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To raise money for crusade, Pope makes deal with Venetian Doge for ships and supplies. Tons of people answer call, but nobody knows where to go and when. Only a few thousand show up in Venice on appoined day, Barons are short money; Doge says give what you have and stop at Zara to put down a rebellion.
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Crusaders arrive at Zara to find that rebellion is led by King of Hungary who gets his money from fellow crusader. Frankish King asks Pope for help, Pope says anyone who fights the rebels will be excommunicated. So they will be excommunicated by man who sent them on crusade if they fight battle necessary to fund said crusade. Fuck it, fight anyways.
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Alexius Comnenus (Isaac II's son) asks for help deposing Alexius III, claims he's bad, & will pay Crusaders debts in exchange. Innocen III says don't do it, they say, screw it & go. People of Constantinople fight crusaders b/c they like Alexius III. Isaac II hears & gives empire to Alexius IV.
One day crusaders set mosque on fire, it spreads to city. Aleixus IV asks general for help, general tricks him, throws him in prison, & declares himself emperor. Innocent III says figure out your own shit. -
End of 4th Crusade