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1415
Portugal captures Ceuta in North Africa, marking the beginning of European overseas expansion.
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1482
The Portuguese build Elmina Castle (Ghana), a major hub for the Atlantic slave trade.
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The Dutch establish Cape Colony in present-day South Africa.
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France invades Algeria, beginning European territorial expansion.
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Berlin Conference formalizes the Scramble for Africa, where European powers divide the continent without African consent.
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Battle of Omdurman – Britain and Egypt consolidate control over Sudan.
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By the outbreak of World War I, nearly all of Africa is under European control except Liberia and Ethiopia.
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Egypt gains nominal independence from Britain.