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- Holy war against Muslims
- Christian Church tried to regain Holy Land
- Not Successful for the Christian Church, deepens split between Muslims and Christians
- Commoners and Knights fight for their religion
- Opened up trade
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England
Nobles and Peasnats meet to pass or veto laws/ requests for king
( like President going to Congress) -
Rebirth of the Classics
Humanism- intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievement
Secularism- worldly values -
France
- nobles and peasants
- more democratic political institution
- Like the Model Parliament (decision making) -
116 years
France Vs. England
French have no king after last Capetian king dies w/o heir
England want to claim the throne
1429 the French were losing until Orleans with Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc helps French win the war, but is tried and convicted of witchcraft and burned at the stake
- Creates a sense of Nationalism in both countries, king and parliament gain power -
Lasted years
Came from rats on a ship from the Black Sea
1/3 of Europe dies
trade declined, prices rose, towns become smaller
peasants want more wages and freedom, mobles refuse, peasants revolt -
Two Popes- France and Italy
39 years
Deepens crack between the Pope/ Church and People -
French King launches an invasion to claim the Naples throne
Italian writers and artist flee to a safer Northern Europe bringing with them the ideas, styles, and techniques of the Italian Renaissance -
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Martin Luther nails the 95 Theses to a church door in Wittenberg attacking the pardon merchants (indulgences)
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Church Reformation
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Pope threatens excommunication to Luther if he doesn't stop his heresey.
L burns threat & is excommunicated from the Cathollic church -
Swiss
Wanted the people to have more control over the church
his "religion" was adopted in Zurich and other cities -
Holy Roman Emperor Chrales V summons L to a trial in Worms Germany in 1521
L doesn't go
Charles declares nobody shall shelter or feed L
Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony shelters L in castle
L returens to Wittenberg in 1522 after translating the New Testament into German -
called "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope
however, Henry needed a son/ heir
wanetd another wife, but divorce not allowed in Catholic church
Asked for annulment, but refused b/c Pope didn't want to offend Catherine of Aragon's nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V -
Ignatius of Loyola is injured at war in 1521, he thinks about his religion and Jesus
Spiritual Exercises- laid out day to day plan on meditation, prayer, and study
For next 18 years, gathered followers -
protestants- Christians not in the Catholic Church
Charles V goes to war with the Protestant Princes -
Henry asks Parliament to pass laws that end the Pope's power in England
-
War breaks out between the Catholics and Protestants in Switzerland
Zwingli dies
John Calvin- a young French law student becomes interested in Church doctrine and begins clarifying Protestant ideas -
signifies the breaking of the Catholic Church
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The Act of Supremecy- Pope had to take an oath recognizing the divorce between Catharine of Aragon and Henry VIII & establish Henry VIII as the church head in England
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Used inquisiton to seek out heresey in papal territory
aprroved the Jesuits order
directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and church abuses
caled a council of church leaders to meet in Trent, Italy -
Thomas Moore, who wrote the Utopia, is executed for refusing to take the oath
-
Elizabeth I is Anne's young daughter
-
Calvin publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion- finalized Protestant ideas
- men and women sinful by nature
- God chose a select few to be saved (elects)
- Believed that God has known who to save since the beginning of time
- Called Predestination
- Calvin's teachings = Calvinism -
Jane Seymour delivers a baby boy for Henry VIII but dies three weeks later
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Pope created the formal Society of Jesus for Ignatius' followers (Jesuits)
- found schools
- convert non Christians to Catholics
- Stop spread of Protestantism
Approved by Pope Paul III -
Geneva becomes a theocracy, very strict rules, but high moral values
-
Cardinals and Bishops met to agree on several doctrines
- the Catholic Church's interpretation of the Bible is final, any other ideas are heresies
- Christians needed faith and good works for Salvation
- The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful for guiding a Christian life
- Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but false selling was banned -
Protestant princes are "defeated" , but refuse to convert back to Catholocism
-
Son Edward VI becomes king at 9 years old
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Mary I becomes queen after Edward VI dies
Converts England back to Catholocism, kills many Protestants -
Pope calls the preinces to assemble and sign a settlement letting each Prince choose his state's religion
-
Shakespeare
-
Elizabeth I becomes Queen and restores Protestantism
-
Anglican Church- blend of Catholocism and Protestantism
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Pope Paul IV asks church officials to draw up a list of forbidden books dangerous to the catholic faith
Index of Forbidden Books
Books were burnt
Venice burnt 10,000 books in one day. -
John Knox (preacher) who started Presbyterianism in Scotland led nobles to overthrow Catholic Mary Queen of Scots for her infant son James
each church group is led by Presbyrs or laymen
community led church -
Catholics hunt out Protestnats and murder them (starts in Paris)
Hugueknots- Calvinists in France (12,000 killed) -
Church blamed for the Great Schism, Hundred Years' War, Plague
Age of Faith comes to an end
