Middle Ages- Reformation

The Crusades

Jan 1, 1096

• Holy war against Muslims
• Christian Church tried to regain Holy Land
• Not Successful for the Christian Church, deepens split between Muslims and Christians
• Commoners and Knights fight for their religion
• Opened up trade
  

Model Parliament

Jan 1, 1200

England
Nobles and Peasnats meet to pass or veto laws/ requests for king
( like President going to Congress)

Renaissance

Period: Jan 1, 1300 to Dec 31, 1600

Rebirth of the Classics
Humanism- intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievement
Secularism- worldly values

Estates Genreal

Sep 9, 1302

France
- nobles and peasants
- more democratic political institution
- Like the Model Parliament (decision making)

Hundred Years' War

Jan 1, 1337

116 years
France Vs. England
French have no king after last Capetian king dies w/o heir
England want to claim the throne
1429 the French were losing until Orleans with Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc helps French win the war, but is tried and convicted of witchcraft and burned at the stake
- Creates a sense of Nationalism in both countries, king and parliament gain power

The Bubonic Plague

Jan 1, 1347

Lasted years
Came from rats on a ship from the Black Sea
1/3 of Europe dies
trade declined, prices rose, towns become smaller
peasants want more wages and freedom, mobles refuse, peasants revolt

The Great Schism

Jan 1, 1378

Two Popes- France and Italy
39 years
Deepens crack between the Pope/ Church and People

Invasion of Northern Italy

Sep 1, 1494

French King launches an invasion to claim the Naples throne
Italian writers and artist flee to a safer Northern Europe bringing with them the ideas, styles, and techniques of the Italian Renaissance

Henry VIII becomes king of England

Sep 9, 1509

95 Theses

Oct 31, 1517

Martin Luther nails the 95 Theses to a church door in Wittenberg attacking the pardon merchants (indulgences)

the Reformation

Period: Oct 31, 1517 to Jan 1, 1648

Church Reformation

Pope's Threat

Sep 1, 1520

Pope threatens excommunication to Luther if he doesn't stop his heresey.
L burns threat & is excommunicated from the Cathollic church

Huldrych Zwingli attacks the Catholic Church

Sep 9, 1520

Swiss
Wanted the people to have more control over the church
his "religion" was adopted in Zurich and other cities

The Emperor's Opposition

Sep 9, 1521

Holy Roman Emperor Chrales V summons L to a trial in Worms Germany in 1521
L doesn't go
Charles declares nobody shall shelter or feed L
Prince Fredrick the Wise of Saxony shelters L in castle
L returens to Wittenberg in 1522 after translating the New Testament into German

Henry attacks Luther

Sep 9, 1521

called "Defender of the Faith" by the Pope
however, Henry needed a son/ heir
wanetd another wife, but divorce not allowed in Catholic church
Asked for annulment, but refused b/c Pope didn't want to offend Catherine of Aragon's nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Spiritual Exercises

Sep 9, 1522

Ignatius of Loyola is injured at war in 1521, he thinks about his religion and Jesus
Spiritual Exercises- laid out day to day plan on meditation, prayer, and study
For next 18 years, gathered followers

Loyal Princes sign an agreement to stay loyal to the Pope

Sep 9, 1529

protestants- Christians not in the Catholic Church
Charles V goes to war with the Protestant Princes

The Reformation Parliament

Sep 9, 1529

Henry asks Parliament to pass laws that end the Pope's power in England

War

Sep 9, 1531

War breaks out between the Catholics and Protestants in Switzerland
Zwingli dies
John Calvin- a young French law student becomes interested in Church doctrine and begins clarifying Protestant ideas

Henry Secretly Marries Anne Bolyen

Sep 9, 1533

signifies the breaking of the Catholic Church

Act of Supremecy

Sep 9, 1534

The Act of Supremecy- Pope had to take an oath recognizing the divorce between Catharine of Aragon and Henry VIII & establish Henry VIII as the church head in England

Pope Paul III's Reign

Period: Sep 9, 1534 to Sep 9, 1549

Used inquisiton to seek out heresey in papal territory
aprroved the Jesuits order
directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and church abuses
caled a council of church leaders to meet in Trent, Italy

Thomas Moore Executed

Sep 9, 1535

Thomas Moore, who wrote the Utopia, is executed for refusing to take the oath

Anne Bolyen is beheaded

Sep 9, 1536

Elizabeth I is Anne's young daughter

Calvin publishes a book

Sep 9, 1536

Calvin publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion- finalized Protestant ideas
- men and women sinful by nature

- God chose a select few to be saved (elects)
- Believed that God has known who to save since the beginning of time
- Called Predestination
- Calvin's teachings = Calvinism

Jane Seymour

Sep 9, 1537

Jane Seymour delivers a baby boy for Henry VIII but dies three weeks later

Jesuits

Sep 9, 1540

Pope created the formal Society of Jesus for Ignatius' followers (Jesuits)
- found schools
- convert non Christians to Catholics
- Stop spread of Protestantism
Approved by Pope Paul III

Geneva Switzerland asks John Calvin to lead their city

Sep 9, 1541

Geneva becomes a theocracy, very strict rules, but high moral values

Council of Trent

Period: Sep 9, 1545 to Sep 9, 1563

Cardinals and Bishops met to agree on several doctrines
- the Catholic Church's interpretation of the Bible is final, any other ideas are heresies
- Christians needed faith and good works for Salvation
- The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful for guiding a Christian life
- Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but false selling was banned

Protestant Princes Lose

Sep 9, 1547

Protestant princes are "defeated" , but refuse to convert back to Catholocism

Henry VIII Dies

Sep 9, 1547

Son Edward VI becomes king at 9 years old

Mary I becomes Queen

Sep 9, 1553

Mary I becomes queen after Edward VI dies
Converts England back to Catholocism, kills many Protestants

Peace of Augsberg

Sep 9, 1555

Pope calls the preinces to assemble and sign a settlement letting each Prince choose his state's religion

Elizabethan Era

Period: Jan 1, 1558 to Dec 31, 1603

Shakespeare

Elizabeth I takes the Throne

Sep 9, 1558

Elizabeth I becomes Queen and restores Protestantism

Anglican Church started by Queen Elizabeth I

Sep 9, 1559

Anglican Church- blend of Catholocism and Protestantism

Pope Paul IV

Sep 9, 1559

Pope Paul IV asks church officials to draw up a list of forbidden books dangerous to the catholic faith
Index of Forbidden Books
Books were burnt
Venice burnt 10,000 books in one day.

John Knox leads Nobles

Sep 9, 1560

John Knox (preacher) who started Presbyterianism in Scotland led nobles to overthrow Catholic Mary Queen of Scots for her infant son James
each church group is led by Presbyrs or laymen
community led church

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Aug 24, 1572

Catholics hunt out Protestnats and murder them (starts in Paris)
Hugueknots- Calvinists in France (12,000 killed)

Middle Ages/ Age of Faith

Period: Mar 2, 2022 to Dec 31, 1500

Church blamed for the Great Schism, Hundred Years' War, Plague
Age of Faith comes to an end