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The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China.
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It was Lenin’s overthrow of the weak Provisional Government, carried out by the Bolsheviks through a nearly bloodless uprising in Petrograd. It replaced liberal rule with a new Soviet, socialist government claiming to represent workers and soldiers. The revolution marked a decisive break from Russia’s old political order and began the creation of a communist state.
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A student-led protest in Beijing against the Versailles Treaty’s decision to give Shandong to Japan sparked nationwide demonstrations. It became a wider cultural and intellectual movement rejecting traditionalism and promoting modern ideas like science, democracy, and vernacular writing. It also encouraged the spread of Marxism and helped catalyse China’s political modernisation.
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Founded in 1921 when a small group of Chinese intellectuals, inspired by the May Fourth Movement and the spread of Marxism, met in Shanghai and later on a boat in Jiaxing to avoid police surveillance. Guided initially by figures like Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, the CCP emerged as a revolutionary party focused on anti-imperialism, social reform, and organising workers. Its birth marked the start of a new political force that would eventually reshape China’s modern history.