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It was written to tribute his wife’s death (Euterpe). It’s also the most ancient music sheet that we conserve, and it’s written in ancient greek and was made on Trales(Aydin,Turkey). This ancient inscription was discovered on 1883, it can now be visited on Denmark’s National museum (Copenhague). -
(500-1300)
It’s a long historical period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance. It's compositions were religious and symbolic rather than realistic. Monasteries preserved ancient texts, scholasticism: attempted to harmonize faith and reason. The Church controlled practically every aspect. The vibe was sacred, traditional and symbolic.
Art wasn’t about realism, it was about teaching religious ideas and inspiring faith in a illiterate society. -
Its name comes from the Pope Gregorio I.
It’s monodic and it doesn’t use instrumental accompaniments, it’s sang in latin because it was used for praying. Its goal was to be used along the Bible texts and canonic time. -
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He was the italian musician who established a name for each note of the scale (on the tetragram).
He based it on the first syllable of each verse of the hymn dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. -
(1098-1179)
She was a german polymath, composer, writer, etc. and also one of the most famous composers of the sacred monophony during the Middle Ages. She composed works like “Ave Generosa” -
One of the most important eras of music in Europe, it’s characterised for the creation of polyphony, which also developed its first form: the organum. It’s main composers are (from the Notre Dame school) Leonin and Perotin.
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(1135-1194)
He was a really famous trovador during the Ars Antiqua, compositor and provenzal poet. He composed works like “Lo tempus vai e ven e vire”. -
(1150-1201)
He is known for being the first known composer of polyphonic (multi-voice) organum. He’s the composer of the Notre Dame School of Polyphony, a medieval musical movement that started in Paris, it started the base for Western music. He compilated the Magnus Liber Organi. He was one of the most important composers of Ars Antiqua. -
(1160-1230)
He is most famous for his work at Notre Dame Cathedral, where he contributed to what’s called the Notre Dame School of Polyphony. He was known for being one of the most influential comporsers during the Arts antiqua. -
(1221-1284)
He was one of the most important kings during the christian reconquest. He was also one of the most important participants in the Toledo’s translators school. He also composed Cantigas that narrated Virgin Mary’s miracles. (For example “Santa Maria ,strela do dia”) -
(1300-1377)
Guillaume de Machaut was one of the most important composers and poets of the Ars Nova. His work marks the transition between monophonic music and the more complex polyphony of the early Renaissance. Machaut was the first known composer to write a complete polyphonic Mass. He composed:
Messe de Nostre Dame, Motets (both religious and secular), Lais and virelais, rondeaux, and ballades, Le, Remède de Fortune and Le Voir Dit. -
(1300–1600)
The Renaissance was a cultural “rebirth” after the Middle Ages. It revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman ideas, highliting human potential, reason, and beauty. It's a period of time in witch new music values start to appear such as: focus on realism, harmony, proportion, the use of perspective to create depth, calm, balanced compositions, humanism, famous Artists. It's an elegant, balanced and idealized vibe. The world is understandable through reason and observation. -
In this music era the polyphony is perfected, its complexity improves and so does its rhythm.
On this era the middle class starts to rise up, weakening the Church. Making secular music way more important compared to religious music. Motet is the most used form on this era.
Other forms are the chanson, ballad or the canon. Guillaume de Machaut and Francesco Landini(the most important composer of the Trescento)are the most representative music figures of Ars nova. -
(1325-1335)
Francesco Landini was the most important composer, poet, and organist of the French Ars Nova. His music represents the flowering of the Florentine school and he is considered one of the most important composers of medieval polyphonic art. He was blind due to a bout of smallpox he suffered in childhood. His music appears in key manuscripts such as the Codex Squarcialupi, one of the main sources of Trecento music. -
(1400-1468)
He was a German inventor who invented the movable-type printing press. Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg's creation of the printing press enabled a much faster rate of printing. -
(1468–1529)
He was a Spanish composer, poet, and playwright. He was known for villancicos, secular music, and religious works. -
(1483-1546)
He wasn’t a real/traditional composer, but he was a reformer who wrote hymns and inspired Lutheran church music. He created the: Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott (“A Mighty Fortress Is Our God”) hymn. His work set the base of the foundation for congregational singing and Protestant sacred music. -
(1500–1553)
He was a very important Spanish Renaissance composer, earlier than Victoria. He was famous for his sacred works: masses, motets, and settings of the Passion. He had a smooth style and flowing polyphony. He influenced Victoria. -
(1510-1566)
He was a well-known Spanish renaissance composer and was blind since his childhood.
He composed works like “Quatro favordones”. -
(1532-1594)
He was a Franco-flemish composer, one of the most important ones from the Franco-flemish school, which was so-called for creating the international style. He made around 2000 compositions which include from secular ones to profane. -
(1533–1585)
He was an Italian composer and organist, key figure in Venetian music. He used early polychoral techniques, he was also uncle of Giovanni Gabrieli. -
(1537-1794)
He was an Italian/Rome really important composer. He had a big influence on religious music and secular on Europe, specially on the development of counterpoint. He was also a Kapellmeister. -
(1544–1590)
She was an Italian composer, singer, and the first woman known to have published music. She was famous for madrigals, showing expressiveness in texts and Renaissance polyphony. She was also important as a trailblazer for women in music. -
(1548-1611)
He was a very important Spanish composer in the Renaissance. He was known for sacred music, particularly motets, masses, hymns, and expressive and rich in polyphony Cunter-Reformation ideas. -
(1554–1612)
He was the nephew of Andrea Gabrieli, one of the greatest composers of the Venetian School. He used advanced polychoral techniques and use of dynamics. -
(1566–1613)
He was an Italian nobleman and composer known for madrigals. He’s works were intensely expressive and almost modern in its harmonic daring. He was infamous for his personal life (he murdered his wife and her lover). -
(1567–1643)
He was an Italian composer, transitional figure between Renaissance and Baroque. He composed L’Orfeo, madrigals, sacred music.
Caracterized by the use of bold harmony, expressive texts and early opera development. -
(1600–1750)
It was a period that followed the Renaissance and moved toward emotion, drama, and theatricality. It was shaped heavily by the Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation. This period of time was caracterized by: strong emotion and movement, dynamic and energetic compositions, music itself, such as the birth of opera, composers like Bach, Vivaldi, and Handel. The higlited vibe was dramatic, emotional and theatrical. Art meant to move you, surprise you and overwhelm your senses. -
(1605–1674)
He was an Italian composer, a major figure in early Baroque vocal music. He was famous for oratorios and cantatas. He used lyricism and clear text setting, he influenced on Baroque vocal music. -
(1619-1677)
She was the most important female composer of the Baroque. It was said that she belonged to rich roots, due the stereotypes that exist but it could have never been proven. She produced more profane music than any other composer of the era, this being made without any type of help from the rich. She made “Diporti di Euterpe” -
(1644–1737)
He was an Italian luthier, creator of some of the finest violins, cellos, and violas ever made. He’s instruments were famous for exceptional tone, craftsmanship, and rarity. “Stradivarius” violins are still considered benchmarks for string instruments. -
(1659–1695)
He was an English composer, a very important figure in Baroque music in England. He was famous for operas, sacred music, and songs. He used expressiveness, rich harmonies, blending French, Italian, and English influences. -
(1678-1741)
One of the most important composers in the world. He was a venetian baroque composer and his influence was all around Europe and was important for the development of the music. He made around 700 concerts which they were mainly for violin or flute.
He’s the author of “The four seasons”. -
(1681–1767)
He was a German composer, very prolific. He wrote operas, oratorios, chamber music, and orchestral suites. He used melodic, harmonically inventive, and versatile; admired for blending French, Italian, and German styles. -
(1685-1750)
He was one of the most important and influential composers on music history and during baroque.
He was also famous for being an important organist and harpsichordist, and considered one of the masters of counterpoint. -
(1685-1759)
He was a really important Baroque composer born in Germany. In the history of music, he’s the first modern composer because he was the one who focused on adapt his music to the needs and likes of his public, instead of the rich. -
(1714–1787)
He was a German-born composer who reformed opera. Before Gluck, opera, especially opera seria focused on singer virtuosity and showing off, often at the expense of drama. Gluck believed music should serve the story and emotions, not the ego of performers. Basically Gluk made opera honest again. -
(1732-1809)
He was an Austrian composer born in Viena. He is considered one of the music's father plus one of the most important musicians from the clasic period and also the father of the string cuartet.
When he died he was one o the most important composers in Europe. He has around 106 works. -
(1751–1829)
She was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s older sister and an extraordinary harpsichordist and pianist prodigy. As children, Nannerl and Wolfgang toured Europe together, and early audiences often admired her playing as much as, or more than his. With exceptional technique and musical understanding. Although she was limited by her gender. -
(1756-1791)
Wolfgang Amdeus Mozart is one of the most illustrous and imortant composers in the music history. He was born in Austria and started playing the piano since really little. He died really young but till then he had composed around 600 works. -
(1759–1824)
She was an Austrian pianist, singer, composer, and teacher, one of the most important musicians of her time.
She was blind from early childhood. She was a virtuoso pianist with an exceptional memory. She toured widely across Europe. She was also a friend of Mozart, who may have written a piano concerto for her.
She studied with major figures like Salieri, she became an influential music educator and helped develop methods for teaching music to blind student. -
(1770-1829)
He was born in Colonia, one of Germany's actual city. He was a composer, orchestra director and pianist, he composed around 722 works. He's also one of the most important composers of the romanticism and his most famous works are the ones for piano and the upper chamber music. The Europe Union anthem is one of his works. -
(1792-1868)
He was a prestigious Italian composer from the early Romantic eras.
He made 39 operas, piano pieces and sacred music. He set new standards for both comic and serious opera before retiring. -
(1797-1828)
He was an Austrian composer from the early Romantic eras. He died young, but he composed around 600 works before his death. He composed mainly for piano. -
(1803–1869)
He was a French Romantic composer known for his orchesta and dramatic storytelling. His Symphonie is a symbol of program music, using recurring themes (idée fixe) to tell a personal story. -
(1809-1847)
He was a was a German composer, pianist, and conductor, a musical prodigy. He blended Classical elegance with Romantic emotion, he wrote famous pieces like A Midsummer Night’s Dream overture and the Violin Concerto in E minor. He helped revive Bach’s music. Stalented, brilliant, and gone very young. -
(1810–1856)
He was a key figure in Romantic music, known for his deeply emotional and innovative compositions. He wrote in various genres, including piano music, symphonies, chamber music, and lieder (German songs). Initially studying law, Schumann turned to music after a hand injury ended his piano career. He studied composition and became a prominent figure in German music. -
(1811–1886)
He was a Hungarian composer, one of the greatest piano virtuosos ever. People fainted at his concerts (no joke). He revolutionized piano technique, wrote insanely difficult and expressive music, and invented the symphonic poem (orchestral music that tells a story).
He was also Wagner’s father-in-law. -
(1813–1901)
He was an Italian composer, widely regarded as one of the greatest opera composers of all time. His works are known for their powerful melodies, dramatic intensity, and deep emotional expression. Verdi transformed Italian opera, pushing boundaries in both musical and thematic content. Verdi continued composing into his later years, his final opera: "Falstaff" (1893), it’s a comic masterpiece that shows a more playful side of his musical genius. -
(1813–1883)
He was a German composer who blew up opera and rebuilt it his own way. He believed music, poetry, drama, and visuals should merge into one total artwork (Gesamtkunstwerk), so his operas are huge, intense, and myth-heavy.
He was brilliant but controversial: revolutionary in music, very influential, and personally not a good person (notably antisemitic), which still creates deabate now a days. -
(1819–1896)
She was a German pianist, composer, and teacher, one of the greatest musicians of the Romantic era. A child prodigy, she had a major career as a concert pianist and helped promote the music of her husband, Robert Schumann, and her friend Johannes Brahms. -
(1824–1884)
He was the founder of Czech nationalist music. He used Czech history and folk elements to create a national style, very famus in the symphonic composition: ''Má vlast''. -
(1833-1897)
Je was a German composer from the mid-romantic period and a great pianist. He composed around 200 works mainly for violin and piano. -
(1839–1881)
He was a part of the "Mighty Five", he aimed for realism and raw expression. His harmonies and rhythms were bold and unconventional, especially in Pictures at an Exhibition and ''Boris Godunov''. -
(1840–1893)
He was one of the most emotional Romantic composers. His music combines Western European forms with Russian lyricism. Famous for ballets ("Swan Lake", "The Nutcracker"), symphonies, and expressive melodies. -
(1841–1904)
He blended on nationalism with a more international voice. He blended Czech folk elements with classical forms. His New World Symphony reflects both Czech roots and American influences. -
(1843–1907)
He was a very important figure in Norwegian music. His style is lyrical and intimate, mostly inspired by Norwegian folk melodies. Best known for ''Peer Gynt'' and his piano works. -
(1844–1908)
He was a member of the Russian “Mighty Five.” He was a master of the orchesta and exotic harmonies, he influenced later composers. He also shows his love for storytelling and brilliant use of instruments. -
(1858-1924)
He was an Italian composer of opera, considered one of the most impartant ones of the ending of the 19 century.
He was also the one who influenced the musical themes which were played on cinema during those times. -
(1860–1903)
He was an Austrian composer, well known for his lieder art songs. He wrote over 250 songs, often setting the poetry of Goethe, Eichendorff, and other German poets to music. His songs are marked by intense emotional expression and innovating harmonies. He struggled with mental health issues and died young, but his lieder remain central to the German song repertoire. -
(1860–1911)
He was an Austrian composer and conductor, known for his expansive symphonies and profound lieder. His music mixes Romantic emotion with complex philosophical themes. He´s symphonies, especially the ¨Resurrection¨ are very imprtant due to their depth, scale, and emotional range. He also composed poignant lieder cycles, like Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen. He´s works often explore life, death, and the human condition. His influence on 20th-century music is enormusly important. -
(1862–1918)
He was a pioneer of musical Impressionism. He moved away from traditional harmony, focusing on color, atmosphere, and suggestion. His music is fluid and dreamlike, as in: ''Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune''. -
(1865–1957)
He was Finland’s most important composer. His music often reflects nature and national identity, with powerful structures. Finlandia became a symbol of Finnish independence. -
(1874–1951)
He was a revolutionary modernist who broke with tonality. He developed atonality and the twelve-tone (dodecaphonic) system, changing the course of 20th-century music. -
(1875–1937)
He blended a more precise and formal music style. Ravel was a brilliant orchesta composer and combined clarity with exotic influences. ''Boléro'' is his most famous work. -
(1876–1946)
He was a very important Spanish composer who blended classical forms with flamenco and Andalusian traditions. His music is very rithmical and highly expressive. -
(1881–1945)
He was a Hungarian modernist, very influenced by folk music. He collected and studied Eastern European folk songs, using and adjusting their rhythms and scales into a modern musical language. -
(1882–1967)
He was a composer, ethnomusicologist, and educator. He studied folk music, but his style is more lyrical. He is also known for the ''Kodály'' method of music education. -
(1882–1949)
He was a Spanish nationalist, influenced by both French Impressionism and Spanish folk music. His works often evoke Andalusian landscapes and dances. -
(1882–1971)
He was one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. His style changed radically over time, from Russian primitivism ("The Rite of Spring") to Neoclassicism and Serialism. -
(1887–1959)
He was the most important Brazilian composer of the 20th century. He combined Brazilian folk and popular music with European modern techniques, especially in his Bachianas Brasileiras. -
(1898–1937)
He was an American composer who successfully fused jazz, blues, and classical music. He made works like: ''Rhapsody'' in ''Blue'' and ''Porgy'' and ''Bess'' brought popular styles into the concert hall. -
(1908–1992)
He was a deeply spiritual French composer. His music uses complex rhythms, modes of limited transposition, and birdsong, often expressing religious themes. -
(1910–1995)
He was a French composer and musician. Schaeffer is best known for founding ''musique concrète'' in the late 1940s. He experimented with recorded sounds, compositional elements, from traditional notation and instrumentation. -
(1912–1992)
He was an American composer who questioned the idea of what music is. He used chance procedures and silence, most famously in ''4′33″'', defining the role of sound and listening. -
(1927–2017)
He was a French composer who worked with Schaeffer. He contributed significantly to ''musique concrète'', creating very important works like ''Symphonie pour un homme seul'' (1950) and ''La Noire à cloche'' (1955), expanding the exploration of sound as music. -
(1937–2026)
He is an American composer and one of the most prominent figures in minimalist music. His career includes several decades, with key works like ''Einstein on the Beach'' (1976) and ''Koyaanisqatsi'' (1982), using repetitive structures and minimalistic forms to explore complex ideas and compositions.