8 types of spanish

From Spanish Rule to the Mexican Constitution: 1790–1824

By Antonio Esquivel
  • Spanish frontier order, c. 1790

    Spanish frontier order, c. 1790

    Spanish colonial officials, missionaries, and frontier settlers maintained New Spain’s northeastern frontier around 1790 in settlements and presidios (Texas and northern Mexico) this structure shaped local society and set the stage for later political changes.
  • Louisiana Purchase

    Louisiana Purchase

    The United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, moving the U.S. border closer to Spanish Texas and increasing pressure on Spain’s northern frontier, which affected security and trade in the region.
  • Period: to

    Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition and the Republican Army of the North

    Filibuster Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara and U.S. officer Augustus Magee led the Republican Army of the North into Texas (1812–1813), capturing Nacogdoches and San Antonio in early 1813 and briefly expelling Spanish control an important Texas episode in the wider independence movement
  • Grito de Dolores and Hidalgo’s uprising,

    Grito de Dolores and Hidalgo’s uprising,

    Parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued the Griot de Dolores on September 16, 1810 in Dolores (near Guanajuato), calling for rebellion against Spanish authorities; this launched the Mexican War of Independence and inspired insurgent movements across New Spain.
  • Constitution of Cádiz,

    Constitution of Cádiz,

    Spain’s Cortes in Cádiz drafted and approved a liberal constitution in 1812 that granted limited rights and representation; its ideas influenced creoles and insurgents in New Spain and changed political expectations.
  • Congress of Chilpancingo and Morelos’s Sentimientos de la Nación

    Congress of Chilpancingo and Morelos’s Sentimientos de la Nación

    José María Morelos convened a congress at Chilpancingo in 1813, issuing the Sentimientos de la Nación and declaring the goal of independence and a new government for Mexico; this gave the insurgency a written political program.
  • Return of Ferdinand VII and reaction

    Return of Ferdinand VII and reaction

    King Ferdinand VII returned to Spain in 1814 and abolished the Cádiz Constitution, rolling back liberal reforms and prompting renewed conflict and political uncertainty in Spain and the colonies.
  • Spanish liberal revolt (Riego) and constitutional restoration

    Spanish liberal revolt (Riego) and constitutional restoration

    A military revolt led by Rafael del Riego in 1820 forced Spain to restore the Cádiz Constitution, alarming conservative elites in New Spain and helping encourage negotiations between royalists and insurgents.
  • Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Córdoba

    Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Córdoba

    Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero proclaimed the Plan of Iguala on February 24, 1821 (in Iguala) and later signed the Treaty of Córdoba (August 24, 1821), which recognized Mexican independence from Spain and established a plan for a constitutional monarchy and unity of forces.
  • Promulgation of the Constitution of Mexico

    Promulgation of the Constitution of Mexico

    After the collapse of Iturbide’s empire and debates over government form, Mexico adopted the Constitution of 1824 on October 4, 1824 (Mexico City), creating a federal republic and defining the national structure that former Spanish territories—including Texas—would now relate to; this is the end-point requested for your timeline.