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The Out of Africa theory explains that all modern humans (Homo sapiens) first appeared in Africa around 200,000 years ago. Over time, they migrated to other continents such as Asia, Europe, Oceania, and eventually the Americas. This theory is supported by fossil evidence and genetic studies, which show that all humans today share a common ancestor from Africa. -
The Solutrean Theory proposes a European origin for the first Americans, but it is not widely accepted compared to the mainstream Out of Asia (Bering Strait) theory -
The Land Bridge Theory says that during the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and exposed a land bridge called Beringia between Asia and North America. Around 15,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers crossed this bridge while following animals for food. Over time, they spread throughout North and South America, becoming the first Indigenous peoples of the continent. -
Created by Saint-Simon, Augusto Comte and John Stuart Mill it believes that studying history using the scientific method is the most efficient way of interpretating it.
Also using the three stages of Comte's Law:
Theological state: Everything is explained by Gods
Metaphysical State: Explained by abstract reasoning
Positivist State: Using the Scientific Method -
Carls Marx, Friedrich Engels
History is shaped by materialistic conditions and the motor of history is the fights between social classes -
The Historicist School (around 1900) refers to an intellectual movement, mainly in economics, history, and social sciences, that emphasized studying human societies through their historical development rather than using universal or fixed laws. -
Prioritizes the social, economics, and cultural factors. broad history beyond politics, Longue durée, examines the long term relation that made a historical fact possible, uses interdisciplinary approaches -
Thanks to Luis Gonzáles y Gonzales Mexico accepted the influence of the Annales School to investigate cultural, and social aspects of the common life