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Hornbooks one of the first tools used to teach reading in colonial America.
Helped establish the practice of teaching literacy through memorization and religious texts. -
Believed children learn through developmental stages.
Showed that literacy skills grow as children’s thinking develops. -
Highlighted the role of social interaction in learning.
His Zone of Proximal Development influenced how teachers support reading and writing growth. -
Provided federal funding to schools, especially for disadvantaged students.
Created Title I programs that aimed to improve reading and literacy instruction. -
Whole Language Movement was focused on reading for meaning and immersion rather than phonics drills.
Emphasized student choice and authentic texts. -
Required schools to test students in reading and math.
Increased accountability and placed a strong focus on reading achievement. -
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. International Universities Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, Pub. L. No. 89-10, 79 Stat. 27.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425