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Abu Bakr was born in october of 573, in Mecca of Saudi Arabia. Abu Bakr was born into a rather wealthy family sub-categorized under the Quraysh tribe. Abu Bakr constantly traveled around the middle east with his father at a young age. Abu Bakr's first voyage was to present day Syria. Abu Bakr had a direct relation to the Prophet Muhammad as he was The Prophet's father in law.
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Uthman was born into a wealthy family in the Quraysh tribe of Mecca in Ta’if. Uthman's father, Affan, died young while travelling abroad but left a large inheritance to Uthman. Uthman followed the same profession as his father, and became one of the richest men among the Qurayshi tribe. Uthman ibn Affan's mother was directly related to the Prophet Muhammad as she was his first cousin.
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Umar ibn Al-Khattab was born into a family ranked under the middle class. Umar ibn Al-Khattab spent most of his time among his father's camels. His father was a merchant who was well recognized among his tribe due to his intelligence. Education with regards to literature was no common at the time however Umar ibn Al-Khattab was able to learn to read and write. Umar ibn Al-Khattab developed a love for poetry though he never wrote any poetry himself
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Ali's father Abu Talib was the custodian of the Ka'bah, he was also an uncle of Muhammad. Ali's mother , Fatima bint Asad, along with Ali's father both belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ismail, the son of Ibrahim. The Shi'as believe that Ali was born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where he stayed with his mother for three days. According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person who Ali saw.
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Muslims believe that the Quran was verbally presented to the Prophet Muhammad from Allah through the Angel Gabriel. The compiling of the Quran was a 23 year long process in which many of the messages received by the Prophet Muhammad were noted down.
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The last messenger of Allah passed away on the eight of June in the year 632. Since the Prophet at the time was the adviser and leader with regards to Islamic inquiries, once The Prophet passed away there was no one to advise and direct the Muslim community. Thus the Khalif system was established.
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Abu Bakr was the one of the very first to convert to Islam. Specifically Abu Bakr was second to convert after his daughter, Prophet Muhammad's wife, Khadija. With his rise to power, Abu Bakr took the liberty of announcing that Prophet Muhammad was the last Prophet. Abu Bakr was given the support of the Muslims as they aware of his passion for the religion. With an internal Islamic intent Abu Bakr bought eight slaves and freed them, costing him a fortune. (The picture has a quote by Abu Bakr)
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The messages from Allah had now come to a stop in the year of The Prophet's death. The Holy Quran was now complete. The compiling of the quran was a twenty-three year long process
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Abu Bakr sent Khalid al-Walid to invade the Sassanid Persian Empire and portions of the Eastern Roman Empire in the year 633
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After the death of The Prophet Muhammad, many began to divert from Islam, and many believed the Abu Bakr was not the intended leader of the Muslim community. For such reasons Abu Bakr lead a group to stop the rebellious Arab Tribes that claimed that they did not owe Abu Bakr their loyalty.
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Abu Bakr died at the age of sixty one years old in the city of Medina of Saudi Arabia. As Abu Bakr fell sick he saw it fit to elect a successor to lead the Muslims. Abu Bakr stated in his last hours that he elected Umar bin al Khattab as the new Khalif
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Umar ibn Al-Khattab was one one the Prophets close advisers, hence it was a logical decision to let Umar ibn Al-Khattab rule as a Caliph. Umar ibn Al-Khattab closely discussed many of the Prophet' s decisions, hence Umar ibn Al-Khattab would know better than most other what the profit would do. (The image states one of the many quotes said by Umar ibn al Khattab) i. Umar ibn Al-Khattab was elected prior to Abu Bakr's death.
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Under the rule of the second caliph Umar ibn al Khattab the Syrian rule of the Eastern Roman Empire comes to end, as a result of the Battle of Yarmouk.
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Under the rule of the second Caliph Umar ibn al Khattab the Muslim calender is instituted. The Muslim calendar begins in 639 in reference to the Hejira, Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina. The Muslim calendar is based on the activity of the moon, hence the name the lunar calendar.
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In the year 644 Umar ibn Al-Khattab was assassinated. The assassination was planned by the Persians due to the Muslim conquest of Persia. Unfortunately the assassination took place while Umar ibn Al-Khattab was performing Hajj. While in the reach of mount Arafat Umar ibn Al-Khattab was hit with a rock and was told the words " This will be your last Hajj" and then assassinated by a Persian slave. The Persian slave was held hostage by the Muslim's among many other after the Persian invasion.
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At the death of the Second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, the next Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan was appointed. Uthman ibn Affan was one of the first to offer his loyalty to Abu Bakr once he was made the first Caliph. Despite his late conversion to Islam, Uthman ibn Affan was trusted by the previous Caliphs.
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Soon Muslims began to think that Uthman ibn Affan was misusing his power causing many Muslims to oppose Uthman ibn Affan. The rebellions against Uthman ibn Affan started in Egypt and began to spread across the Arabian Empire. The Muslim community believed Uthman ibn Affan was being nepotistic, meaning he was favoring his family and relatives and aiding them in making their lives easier due to his status in power.
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Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated due to his lack of order and accused nepotism.
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Ali ibn Abi Talib was approached by the rebels responsible for the death of the previous Caliph. The rebels asked Ali ibn Abi Talib to become the new Caliph. Ali ibn Abi Talib refused to take the position at first and said he would take the role of second in charge. However eventually Ali ibn Abi Talib decided to take on the role. He made it a point to show that he was not the leader of the rebels rather a follower of The Prophet (The picture shows a quote that was originally stated by Ali)
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Ali is pressured to take revenge on the rebels who killed Uthman, in particular by Muhammad's widow, Ayesha. When his army comes against the rebel army, neither side initially wants to fight, but battle breaks out despite the reluctance. This represents the first time two Muslim forces fight against each other. Ali's forces are victorious and the rebels are put down.
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The Governer of Syria, who was related to Uthman ibn Affan, calls for an attack on Ali ibn Abi Talib in hopes of seizing the Caliphate from Ali ibn Abi Talib. This was the first act of an Islamic civil war that was named as the First Fitna.
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After more than one hundred days camped around Siffin, a battle commenced between the two Muslims forces. Neither of the sides was able to gain an advantage. The Battle began on the 26th and ended on the 28th of July 657
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Amr ibn al- is sent by Mu'awiya to reach a comprimise and end the Fitna. Whilst making the comprimise Amr favors Mu'awiya and leaves Ali ibn Abi Talib with a disadvantage.
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Ali is faced with the Kharijites, a faction of his army who believed that he should not have accepted the compromise. This rebellion causes Ali ibn Abi Talib to lose popularity. With the loss of popularity Ali ibn Abi Talib loses most of his territory which leads to his assassination.
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The Kharijites assassinate Ali ibn Abi Talib and then plan on assassinating all the Islamic leaders in order to end the civil war.
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https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CJKk6SRUwAAsSuL.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman
http://islamiccivilizationtimeline.weebly.com/the-four-rightly-guided-caliphs.html
http://www.missionislam.com/knowledge/The%20Rightly-Guided%20Caliphs.htm
http://www.softschools.com/timelines/rashidun_caliphate_timeline/333/
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_z4j6_Kwe-w/UbuuGgEOKdI/AAAAAAAABzE/YyWwbIuOXeo/s1600/Battle_of_Yarmouk-3.jpg
