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Muhammad was a posthumous child, born in the house of his uncle, Abu Talib, on the 12th of Rabi al-Awal of the Year of the Elephant. His mom, Amina, sent the news of the birth to his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, who came, took him in his arms, and gave him the name Muhammad.
http://www.al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-ashgar-razwy/birth-muhammad-and-early-years-his -
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Muhammed received his first revelation in 610, on the mountain of Hira outside Mecca when he was searching for solitude. Muhammed received the first fraction of the Holy Quran from the angel Gabriel, and experienced great pain, fearing he would die. Muhammed was ordered to recite the beginning of sura 96.
http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/LectureTwo/MuhammadHistory.htm -
Increasing threats of violence made Muhammad flee Mecca to Medina in the middle of the night with his few followers, He was invited to Yathrib, later renamed Medina meaning "city of the prohpet", to help settle tensions. There, he gain many more followers and fended off attackers from Mecca.
http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/holidays/hegira.htm -
Following the conquest of Khaibar, a Jewish woman prepared a dinner for Muhammad and had put a poison into the lamb that was served at dinner. Muhammad ate some of the poisoned lamb and died as a result three years later.
http://www.answering-islam.org/Silas/mo-death.htm -
Al-Khulafa-ur-Rashidun in Arabic, are the 4 caliphs that ruled after Muhammad's death. All 4 were close companions of Muhammad during his life. They truely followed Muhammad's footsteps and were one with the people, much unlike their successors, who took up roles of kings and emperors.
http://www.missionislam.com/knowledge/The Rightly-Guided Caliphs.htm -
They toppled the Sassanid Empire, led by Abu Bakr. They occupied the called Ctesiphon, and renamed it Madain. After defeating the remaning members of the Sassaind army, Persia was wide open for them.
http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_conquest/islamic_conquest.php -
Uthman first required a copy from Muhammad's widow Hafsah. Then, a committee of scribes were tasked with making perfect transcripts of the original copy. After completion, Uthman ordered all other transcripts to be destroyed, so that all copies of the Quran were uniform in script.
http://islam.about.com/od/quran/a/Compilation-Of-The-Quran.htm -
Fitnah in Arabic, and marked the split between Sunni's and Shi'is. Caused by the murder of the third caliph and the uncertianity of who should be his successor. Also the end of the Era of Rightfully Guided Caliphs.
http://www.britannica.com/topic/fitnah -
The first great Muslim dynasty to rule. They were a long merchant family in Mecca before conversion and the throne. Eventually overthrown by a revolt that led to the Abbasid Calihpate.
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Umayyad-dynasty-Islamic-history -
Today, Sufism has about 9 million followers. Its a Muslim movement where followers seek to find divine truth and love through direct encounters with God. Have often taken on vows of poverty, and developed religious practices focusing on mystical union with God.
http://www.patheos.com/Library/Sufism -
One of the most most important conquests of Muslim history. The Muslim invaion of Spain was one of justice, freedom, and religious tolerance.
http://lostislamichistory.com/christianity-and-the-muslim-conquest-of-spain/ -
Second of the great dynasty that ruled the Muslims. Once a revolt that overthrew the Umayyad. The name is derived from the name of Muhammad's uncle. This dynasty shifted the focus of expansion to the East, moving the capital to Baghdad.
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty -
Replaced Damascus from the Umayyad Caliphate.They ended up adopting the administrative system of the Persian empire. Also where Islam outgrows its roots and morhos into an international religion. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=eds#ixzz3qw5YGzbF
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=eds -
Christian knights finally cantprued the city after several weeks of seige. After capture, they began massacring the Muslim and Jewish inhabitiants.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jerusalem-captured-in-first-crusade -
Refers to the Muslim dynasties that ruled North India. First dynasty called the Slave dynasty because rulers were desended from militrary slaves.
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/delhi-sultanate.html -
Mongol invasion toppled the caliphate. Recongized as the formal end of the Abbasid Caliphate.
http://www.britannica.com/topic/Abbasid-dynasty -
This pilgrimage introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and Europe. When he assumed the throne if Mali, he was given the title of Mansa, which means king. He brought with him thousands of escorts and plenty of gold on his pilgrimage, much of which was distrupted before his arrival.
http://www.blackpast.org/gah/musa-mansa-1280-1337 -
Constantinople was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, which gave birth to the powerful Ottoman Empire. After this conquest, he took the title "The Conqueror" and added it to his name.
http://www.theottomans.org/english/campaigns_army/1453-the-conquest.asp -
Isabel and Fernando complete the reconquest by taking Granada, ending Muslim rule of Spain. Even though, their legacy is still found within the arts of Spain.
http://staff.esuhsd.org/balochie/studentprojects/moorchristian/ -
Founded by Babur, who is one of history's most persistient conquerors. he assumed the throne when he was 21.
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab99 -
After Mecca submitted, Muhammad entered the city and headed directly to the Ka'bah. After circling it seven times, he smashed the stone idols, speaking of the oneness Allah and proclaimed himself a prophet.
http://www.waupun.k12.wi.us/Policy/other/dickhut/religions/30 The Life of Muhammad.html
