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The Early Expansions started from 622 - 660. These events took place during the expansions.
1. Prophet Muhammed's time.
2. Death of Prophet MUhammed.
3. The time of the 4 rightly guided caliphs.
4. Spread of Islam by the campaigns.
5. Trading Enhances. -
Image : Map showing areas of expansions that occured during the early stages
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Prophet Muhammed (570-632)
He was the central figure and the founder of Islam. Played a role in the Spread of islam. He started going to tribes and preaching to them personally. He was orphaned at an early age, and was raised in the Quraysh tribe. As soon as he began to recite the Quran and to preach the truth which God had revealed to him, he and his small group of followers suffered persecution from unbelievers. -
Image : Illustrations of Muhammed getting teachings from the angels
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Spread of Islam occured under prophet muhammed. He went within different tribes and preached them personally. He hired many other people who preached and travelled with him in his caravan. He and his companions went accross the midlle east and preached. After his death, the 4 righly guided caliphs took over, and spreaded islam by campaigns.
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Image : Showing how much percent did islam expand during these times.
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Prophet Muhammed died on 8th june 632. The 4 rightly guided Caliphs took over him. The people continued to spread the message of Islam by campaigns.
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Image : Sick prophet muhammed about to pass away.
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1.These 4 Caliphs took over prophet muhammed after his death.
2.They kept spreading Islam around the area like the Prophet.
3.Many religious and and Economic growths took place during these periods.
4.Many military campaigns took place during this time.
5.Shia group was formed during this period of reign. -
Image : Shows the time when the caliphs ruled over arabia.
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Trading enhanced in islamic states when the caliphs took over. Under their influence many new products to be invented. These items were traded with empires around the middle east.
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Image : This map shows the trade routes and the areas of trade
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The Umayyads were also a very powerful dynasty in the middle east.
1. Moved the capital to Damascus.
2. Assaination of Hussein
3. Standardized coins.
4. Battle of tours.
5. Overthrown by the Abassid Dynasty. -
Structures built by the Umayyads.
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Mu’awiya, the abassid ruler, emphasized the latter, moved his capital to Damascus in 661 and began to reform the new empire’s administration. Mu’awiya modeled his government’s organization on that of the Byzantine Empire, which had recently ruled the region, even going so far as to hire Christian administrators.
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Image : The Umayyad mosque in Damascus, built after umayyads moved their capital.
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As Hussein, the heir of Yazed, traveled with his family and entourage toward the Iraqi city of Kufa, Yazid’s troops stopped the travelers and demanded that Hussein take an oath of loyalty to Yazid and the Umayyad Dynasty. When Hussein refused to submit, Yazid’s general ordered his soldiers to attack, slaughtering women and children as well as Hussein.
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Image : The shrine of Hussein inside the Mosqque of Umayyads.
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By standardizing financial weights and measures, Abd al-Malik ensured that trade would flow smoothly across his vast lands. Abd al-Malik made another significant change when he ended the practice of featuring the ruler’s image on coins, and instead used only text, notably verses from the Qu’ran.
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Image : The coin with the kig's image on the coin and writings from the holy quaran.
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The Umayyad expansion into Europe was stopped in the west by Charles Martel and his Frankish forces at the Battle of Tours in 732. Umayyad dominance in the east was challenged by a rising faction, the Abbasids, who joined others opposing the empire’s secular emphasis.
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Image : Map showing where the battle was fought
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he Abbasids brought down the Umayyads in 750 and sought to kill as many Umayyad family members as possible to avoid its later resurgence. One famous Umayyad who escaped was Abd al Rahman. He fled westward, finally making it to his family’s distant territory in Spain, where he established a western Umayyad dynasty that lasted another three hundred years.
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Muslim Spain (750-1492)
1. Cordoba established as Abd al Rahman’s capital
2. Construction began on the Great Mosque of Cordoba
3. Death of Maimonides
4. Completion of the Alhambra Palace in Granada
5. End of Muslim rule in Spain -
Image : The Abbasid Caliphate flag.
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- Abbasid faction from eastern Iran overthrows Umayyad dynasty
- Baghdad becomes the Abbasid capital
- Seljuq Turks gain control of Baghdad
- Crusades
- Mongols invade and destroy Baghdad, ending the Abbasid-Seljuq dynasty
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Image : Mosque in Spain made by the islamic caliphate there.
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In the 740s, a Persian-Arab coalition from Khorasan, in eastern Iran, challenged the Umayyad dynasty and by 750, seized power over Muslim lands. The Umayyads had been based in Syria and were influenced by its Byzantine architecture and administration. In contrast, the Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad in 762
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Image : The mosque made by the Abbasids during their region
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the Abbasids moved the capital to Baghdad in 762 and, although the leaders were Arab, administrators and cultural influence were primarily Persian. This eastward shift allowed some independent dynasties to form in the west, such as the Spanish Umayyad and later the Egyptian Fatimids.
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Abd al-Rahman made his way to Spain within five years, mustered support of the Umayyad governors and generals still in the region, and established a capital in the city of Cordoba in 755.
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Image : The Area under the control of the Muslim Caliphates at that time.
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During his reign, Abd al-Rahman gave most power to Arab Umayyads, enforced Islam as the official religion, and around 785 began construction on the Great Mosque of Cordoba. This mosque, known in Spanish as La Mezquita, would become the architectural centerpiece of the capital, and of the kingdom. One of the building’s most distinctive features is the prayer hall. Its high ceiling is supported by a forest of columns and arcades, decorated in red and white.
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Image : The Exterior of the great mosque of Cordoba
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In 1055, Seljuq Turkmen who had gradually moved into Abbasid territory, took control of Baghdad. Their leader, Tugrul Bey, forced the Abbasid caliph to name him sultan. From that point, the empire was ruled in name by the Abbasids, but in practice by the Seljuq. The Seljuq expanded westward, defeating the Byzantines in Turkey and even taking control of Jerusalem.
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Image: An illustration of a seljuk turk
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The Seljuq expanded westward, defeating the Byzantines in Turkey and even taking control of Jerusalem. These challenges to Christian rule led the pope to call the first crusade in 1096. Christian knights seized and held Jerusalem until 1187, when the city was retaken by the great Muslim general, Saladin. Europeans maintained a presence in the region until the Crusades ended in 1204 and in spite of the conflict.
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Image : An illustration of the crusades.
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Moses Maimonides was a brilliant doctor, rabbi and philosopher. He lived in Spain and North Africa, and finally died in Egypt in 1204. The greatest architectural achievement of this later period is the Alhambra, a palace in Granada, begun in the 11th century, but fully decorated and completed in the 14th century
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Image : A statue of Maimonide in cordoba made after his death as a tribute.
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The creativity that had flowed from Baghdad for four centuries came to a crashing halt in 1258, when the Mongol invasion reached Mesopotamia. The conquerors destroyed the city of Baghdad, burning its palaces and its houses of learning. Although the Mongols would eventually convert to Islam and foster their own cultural achievements, the golden age of the Abbasid dynasty had come to a close.
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Image : An illustration of the mongols.
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The Alhambra, the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra, is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain made by the great architect Moses Maimonides.
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Image : Inside the castle of Alhambra
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Image : The armies of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, that invaded spain.
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The Reconquista is the period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The Reconquista ended immediately before the European re-discovery of the Americas—the "New World"—which ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires.
