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Civil war was fought after the murder of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan.
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Mu'awiyah is victorious against the fourth caliph Ali and is declared Mu'awiyah I, first caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. Introduced hereditary succession.
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Civil war was fought following the murder of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan and it ended on 661.
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Naval campaign was unsuccessful against Constantinople.
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Unsuccessful naval campaign against Constantinople
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Islam has reached to the top of Africa.
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Muʿāwiyah II, last ruling descendent of Abu Sufyanid, dies.
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Begins rule of Marwanid caliphs of Umayyad Dynasty
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Abn al-Malik oversees Umayyad Dynast at it's peak, stretching from Spain to India. Period: Jan 1, 685 to Jan 1, 705
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Tariq ibn Al-Malik crosses the separation between Africa and Europe, and Islam spreads itself into Spain. The Muslims has 18,000 supporters during the conquest in Spain.
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The Muslims have successfully spread Islam across Spain in the span of 3 years.
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Beginning of the decline of the Umayyad Dynasty.
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Cordoba became Spains Islamic Capital.
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Islam spread into the Southern parts of France. Muslim forces raided and captured the cities Carcassone and Nimes.
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Expansion of Islamic Empire into Europe halted after the defeat at Poitiers, France in 732.
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Armies of Umayyad Dynasty were destroyed in detail.
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Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah becomes Caliph starting the Abbasid Dynasty.
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The Abbasids rebel against the Umayyad Caliphate and a new Abbasid Caliphate is put into order.
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The capital was in Kufa, but they moved to Baghdad after 12 years. They moved because it was closer to the Tigris River and the non-muslim supporters.
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The education was more advanced in the Middle East. The scientific method and algebra were introduced at this time.
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Buyids invade Baghdad, and claimed that area as their own territory.
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Philosophy, numerals, and mathematics became advanced.
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Seljuqs invaded and took a lot of the power from the Caliphate.
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The city of Toledo in Spain, had fallen under Christian rule.
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Bitter with the loss of Toledo, forces from Africa, under the general Yusuf bin Tashfin, defeated the Christians resoundingly. This was significant as it sparked the recapture of most of Spain by the early 12th century.
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War between Christians and Muslims began.
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A series of internal rebellions lead to the unity of Spain being dispanded. This ended the Almoravid rule in Spain, and created the vulnerability that ultimately led to the reconquest of Spain taking less time to be completed.
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This decisive win in battle by the Christians marked a major turning point in the reconquista.
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The Mongols had destroyed the Abbasid civilization, killing most of the relatives of the Caliph. The Abbasid rule ended.
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The Abbasid Caliphate was back in power, and was now situated in Cairo.
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This battle arked the final blow for the remaining Muslim territories in Spain. Grenada was annexed by Castile. It was significant because this marked the end of Islam in Spain.
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Christian Europeans raided into Muslim territories in Spain to take over.
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Christian leaders forced conversion on the remaining Muslims in Spain. If they did not comply, the Muslims were subject to brutal restrictions.
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After the capture of Al-Mutawakkil III, the Abbasids had no emporor to rule the Kingdom. The empire fell for good.
