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Abu Baker crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula in the successful Ridda Wars( wars of apostasy). It was the most and first work that Abu Baker start after he was chosen to be caliph. Some people pretended to have prophecy after prophet Mohamed. Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16155332
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After prophet Muhammad's death, all Muslim elected him to be the successor after the prophet Mohamed and to be the first caliph. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9
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Abu Bakr was instrumental in preserving the Qur'an in written form after Ridda wars. Because of the wars of apostasy, it led to the death of a large number of companions from the readers of the Koran and its conservation, Umar ibn al-Khattab pointed to Abu Bakr to collect the verses written on paper, on the skin, on the leaves, on white stones and bones. The death of other Companions can lead to lost more verses. It took two to three years to collect the Koran and put the first full version.
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Abu Bakr died. Umar assumed the office of caliph on the same day. Before Abu Baker died, he consulted the people in Omar to be next caliph, Omar ibn al-Khattab has improved the rule and the administration of the state, and the Islamic empire expanded in his era very quickly, and became one of the most famous leaders in Islamic history. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9
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He sent general Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests against the Sassanid Empire in Mesopotamia and against the Byzantine Empire in Syria. The Siege of Damascus lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell . Damascus was the first major city of the Byzantine (Roman) empire to fall in the Muslim conquest of Syria. https://www.gpsmycity.com/attractions/bab-kisan-(the-kisan-gate)-36309.html
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Umar was given the key to the city by the Greek Orthodox patriarch, Sophronius who surrendered the city on terms that no one be harmed. https://www.islamicity.org/4031/umar-ibn-al-khattab-among-the-most-influential-people-in-history/
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Umar was the first to introduce the public ministry system, where the records of officials and soldiers were kept. He also kept a record system that had the messages he sent to Governors and heads of states. https://islamstory.com/-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7
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adopting the Persian inscription and adding to it "Praise be to God" and in some "There is no god but Allah" and on part of it the name "Omar"
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Before Umer died, He chose six companions, and asked the people to elect a successor from among them. Uthman was one of them. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9
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A battle between Muslims and Romans in the reign of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan has won the Muslims in a landslide victory, they a victory over the Romans
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Uthman gathered the whole Qura'n verses in one book and in one accent, because that time was witnessed a great expansion of the Islamic state. In his reign appeared many copies of the Koran, but it was written in more than one tone, and contrary to the Arabic dialect that revealed the Koran. http://shof.co.il/?mod=articles&ID=46992
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Azerbaijan was one of the last country was opened by the Muslims in the era of Umar. Azerbaijan forgot about the reconciliation and showed rebellion , When Osman knew about their rebellion, he felt that they must be stopped from this rebellion. https://imamsam.wordpress.com/
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A naval battle occurred between the Muslims and the Byzantine Empire and ended with the victory of the Muslims. This battle represented the end of the Byzantine state's control of the Mediterranean Sea and the first Muslim naval battle. http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=72532&y=2013
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Ali bin Abi Talib was Caliphate in Medina on the day after Uthman was killed. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A9
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One of the reason of this battle the capital of Islam moved from Madina to Kufah and the were delay to have revenge form Uthman Killers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel
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a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Kharijites commanded by Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi.
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Islamic empire during the era of the Caliphs Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16155332
