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The Ridda' Wars took place immediately after the Prophet Muhammad's death. The purpose of these conflicts was to dissolve any rebellious Arab tribes that possessed beliefs that other prophets existed, which did not follow proper Muslim beliefs. The conflicts themselves had started when the rebel tribes refused to pay taxes to Abu Bakr, who was the caliph at the time.
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Abu Bakr had issued for the start of the collection and compilation of the verses of the Quran
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Usama, who had been chosen by the Prophet Muhammad himself to lead the Muslim army, led an expedition to Syria to attack the Roman Empire. Before this expedition, Abu Bakr gave Usama a code of conduct to follow, being, not to desert, disobey, kill the old, the young and the female populations, not to destroy any food sources, and not to harm religious sites.
This code is recognised and followed to this day. -
Umar's reign over the Muslim Empire had mainly served as time for the Empire's expansion. This had occurred over Egypt, Iraq, Iran and Syria.
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The Battle of Yarmouk, a battle between the Muslim forces led by Khalid al-Walid and the Byzantine army, takes place during Umar's reign and results in the Muslims' victory. This had caused the Byzantine rule over Syria to come to an end.
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There were two main natural occurrences during the reign of Umar which had caused harm towards the Muslim population:
1) The first outbreak of plague that had occurred in Syria
2) Famine in HIjaz These events both occurred in 638 AD and had claimed more than 25 000 lives. -
During Uthman's reign, he organised the Empire's navy, increasing its military strength in the process. He had also reorganised the Empire's governance
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Noted as his most important contribution to Islam, Uthman's reign completed the compilation of the verses of the Holy Quran. Upon completion, the compilation was mass produced and distributed throughout the Empire.
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In the second half of Uthman's rule, Jewish and Magian rebe groups had formed, and started to conspire against Uthman's rule, publicly stating their grievances. This had caused these groups to gain support from the public.
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In 656, the Jewish and Magian rebels broke into his house and assassinated him, ending his reign over the Muslim Empire.
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Although reluctant at first to rise to power, Ali took on the role of the forth caliph of the Rashidun caliphate. In his reign, he contributed to the governance by carrying out a minor "taxation" reform.
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The First Fitna, meaning the first trial or test, is the period of the first internal conflict within the Muslim empire, which had led to a civil war.
This conflict had risen from the different beliefs of the Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims and lasted for 5 years, stopping with the assassination of Ali. -
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Hassan ibn Ali hands his position as caliph to Mu'awiya, in efforts to unify the muslim groups, who then starts the Umayyad Dynasty as its first caliph.
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Upon acquiring power from Hasan ibn Ali, Mu'awiya shifts the muslim capital from Mecca to Damascus as a beginning to a new empire. In addition to the shift, the governance of the Empire had also adopted the traits and structure of the Byzantine Empire, aiding the development of a new empire.
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A rebel group, the Kharijites, were unhappy with the governance of the Muslim world by Ali, Muawiya and Amr bin al-Aas, and therefore planned on assassinating all three of the Muslim rulers. Only the assassination attempt on Ali, conducted while he was conducting prayer, had been successful, ending Ali's rule over the Muslim Empire.
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A battle that had risen from the struggle between Husayn and Yazid I. During the period of their conflict, Yazid I had ordered for Husayn's execution. This had labelled the former as an enemy to Islam, since he had issued for the murder of the Prophet's grandson.
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The famous "Dome of the Rock"was constructed in Jerusalem, in 691, during the reign of Abd al-Malik. This monument was built as a lace of worship and/or an expression of one's faith towards Islam.
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Battle fought between Charles Martel's Frankish forces and the Umayyad forces. This battle resulted in the Muslims's loss, thus halting the Muslim expansion to the west.
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Following the Battle of Tours, which had stopped the Muslim expansion to the west, a separate Muslim faction, "The Abbasids", had challenged the Umayyad power, with the help of other factions. As a result, the Abbasids had eventually taken over the Umayyads in 750 , and planned on killing every living member of the family, for fear of revolt. The Abbasids then proceeded to expand the Empire even more
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Abbasids overthrow the Umayyad dynasty in 750 and planned on killing each remianing member in the family, however, one member had escaped and established another Umayyad dynasty in Spain
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The Battle of Talas was a battle between the Chinese and the Abbasid Muslims. This battle had resulted in the Muslims' victory, They had thus captured Chinese prisoners, who had taught the Muslims of the application of paper. Thus, that's the first time I had seen it many times. The only thing I hadn't seen are his facial expressions. The newly formed ect by Luke will ne
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The Bayt a-Hikmah, or House of Wisdom, was a building initially serving as a library, but it became an important venue for the exchanging of ideas and opinions between several civilizations/empires at the time, as well as a collection of important works and studies.
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Abd Al-Rahman, the only Umayyad member remaining after being overthrown by the Abbasids, takes 5 years to reach Spain. With the help of Umayyad generals and governors in the area, Abd Al-Rahman managed to established a capital in the city of Cordoba
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The Abbasids, now in control of the Muslim Empire, decide to move the Muslim capital to Baghdad and implemented a Persian-influenced governance.
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Abd Al-Rahman III and his immediate successors allowed for the Muslim civilisation in Spain to reach its peak. When the governance was established, Islam was immediately set to be the official religion, most power was given to Arab Umayyads and the Great Mosque of Cordoba had already started construction in 785. The mosque would serve as an architectural centerpiece of the capital.
They have also resolved rebellions and were recognised by other nations as a nation of a distinct religion and law. -
The Golden Age of Islam was a period in time where the Muslim world had made many contributions to the world around it, in science, engineering, mathematics and healthcare.
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Abd Al-Rahman declares himself caliph of Cordoba in 929 CE, by taking advantage of the conflict present in the middle eastern caliphate/dynasty. From that year to 1031, Cordoba became much more advanced in literature, science, philosophy as well as engineering.
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During the 11th century, the Muslim Empire started to weaken due to the faults and weaknesses that were present in ts governing system.
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In 1031, the Umayyad reign was replaced by several other small dynasties that governed until the Muslim fall in 1492. during this period in time, there have been studies relating to science, medicine, philosophy. Not all studies or advancements made were by Muslims, however, non-muslims had contributed to education too.
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Over time, the Abbasid governance over the Muslim Empire had weakened, due to the decentralised state of power. This had allowed for nomadic groups to enter and take over the area. In 1055, the Seljuk Turkmen had slowly moved into Baghdad, taking it over in the long run and forcing the caliph to declare the Seljuj leader, Tugrul Bey, as the new caliph.
When this had been conducted, the Seljuk group had operated its empire under the name of the Abbasid Empire -
In 1258 CE, the Mongolians who were conducting an invasion at the time, came across Mesopotamia. The invaders destroyed Baghdad and burned its buildings, including the Houses of Wisdom, thus concluding the Abbasid Caliphate.
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As time progressed, the Muslims within Spain started to separate themselves into individual groups, this had enabled the Christians to drive out the Muslim community, which were scattered and lacked centralised power.
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Yazid rules over the Umayyad Dynasty.This is the first time that a dynasty system has been implemented into the Muslim kingdom He is also known as, Yazid the Tyrant, and for opposing Husayn ibn Ali, the Prophet's grandson.
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The Second Fitna occurs, involving the conflict between Yazid I and the supporters of Hussein ibn Ali. This conflict had also been based on the clash of Sunni and Shi'ite sects of Islam.
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Under the Abbasid rule, this period is known as the Golden Age of achievement for the Muslim Empire. During this period, many discoveries and inventions had been made by the Muslims in various fields of study e.g. Medicine, Astronomy, etc.
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Noted as one of the greatest Umayyad caliphs, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan had untied the Muslim empire, established a common language as well as smooth trade and constructed mosques all over the Muslim empire
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Yazid rules over the Umayyad Dynasty. He was regarded as an enemy of Islam during his reign, due to the decisions that he had made in his time of power
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Noted as one of the greatest Umayyad caliphs, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan had untied the Muslim empire, established a common language as well as smooth trade and constructed mosques all over the Muslim empire
