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Muhammad is born in this year. In the city of Mecca.
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Muhammad receives first revelation at Mt. Hira, near Mecca, and begins career as a prophet. And begins his faith of Muslim
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The year of Hijra: Muhammad and Muslims migrate from Mecca to Medina and continue the Muslim faith there.
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Muhammad moves back to Mecca and wins control of it.
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Death of Muhammad; death of Fatima, his daughter; election of Abu Bakr as first caliph
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Death of Abu Bakr.
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Conquest of Damascus.
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Battle of Qadisiyya: Arab army decisively defeats Persian army in Iraq
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Conquest of Syria and the fall of Jerusalem.
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Conquest of Persia
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Conquest of Egypt; foundation of Fustat (later part of Cairo).
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Death of Umar ibn al-Khattab, second caliph.
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Caliph Uthman authorizes collection and official establishment of the text of the Quran.
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Assassination of Uthman, the third caliph
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Death of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph and first Shii imam.
Muawiya becomes caliph and founder of Umayyad dynasty -
Revolt of the Khawarij
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Damascus becomes new capital of Umayyad dynasty under Muawiya.
New wave of conquest begins. -
Conquest and conversion of Berber tribes in North Africa
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Tariq ibn Ziyad leads conquest of Andalusia (southern Spain).
Muhammad ibn Qasim initiates Arab conquest of Sind (India) -
Muslim armies in Persia begin conquest of Bakhara and Samarqand in Central Asia.
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Battle of Tours, France.
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Abbasids capture Damascus, ending Umayyad rule in Syria; Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah founds Abbasid Caliphate.
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Death of al-Saffah; Abu Jaafar al-Mansur becomes second Abbasid caliph
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Establishment of Umayyad rule in Spain
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Baghdad founded by Caliph al-Mansur as the capital of the Abbasid Empire.
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Death of Jaafar al-Sadiq, sixth Shii imam.
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Death of Abu Hanifa, Iraqi jurist and eponym of the Hanafi Legal School
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Reign of Mahmud of Ghazna, who raids northwest India (Punjab, 1001-21) and puts the conquered territories under Islamic authority in the name of the Abbasid caliph.
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Death of Ibn Hazm, Andalusian jurist and scholar
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Crusaders capture Jerusalem, ending the First Crusade
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Death of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, philosopher and theologian.
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End of the Fatimid dynasty; Salah al-Din founds the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt.
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Constantinople (Istanbul) falls to Ottomans and becomes the new Ottoman capital; Byzantine Empire ends
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Christian fleet defeats Ottoman navy at Lepanto, marking the end of Ottoman dominance in the Mediterranean region.
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Death of Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Muslim modernist reformer.
Death of Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya movement -
Death of Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian religious scholar and reformer.
Massacre of Armenians in eastern Turkey. -
Bombming of World trade center in New York
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Religious militants connected with al-Qaeda fly hijacked airliners into the New York World Trade Center and Pentagon; U.S. and coalition forces invade Afghanistan and depose the Taliban.
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U.S. and coalition forces launch Gulf War II by invading Iraq and deposing Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party.
Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights advocate, wins Nobel Peace Prize. -
Iraqi national elections bring Shii political coalition (United Iraqi Alliance) to power.
Muhammad al-Baradei, director of the International Atomic Energy Agency, wins Nobel Peace Prize -
Orhan Pamuk, Turkish author, wins Nobel Prize in literature.
Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi banker and economist, wins Nobel Peace Prize.
Saddam Hussein executed. -
Popular upheavals rock many countries in the Arab world, beginning in Tunisia, and spreading across the Middle East and North Africa to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Jordan, Bahrain, and Yemen, among others.
Death of Osama Bin Laden -
In Syria, more than 100,000 have died in an ongoing civil war between supporters of the government led by Bashar al-Assad and forces seeking to ouster it; more than 1.4 million Syrians have fled the war zone. The conflict started in 2011 with peaceful protests against the government, part of a wider movement in the Arab world of popular protests against entrenched authoritarian governments.
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Muawiya, chief of the Umayyads, conquers Egypt
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Death of Muawiya. Martyrdom of Husayn, third Shii imam, at Karbala, Iraq
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Building of the Mosque of Umar (Dome of the Rock) in Jerusalem.
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Arabic becomes official language of government in the Islamic Empire
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Cordoba becomes administrative capital of Andalusia
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Death of Hasan al-Basri, Muslim ascetic and teacher.
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Beginning of Abbasid Caliphate
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The building of the Great Mosque at Cordoba.
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Death of Malik ibn Anas, jurist of Medina and eponym of the Maliki Legal School
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Death of Abu Yusuf, co-founder of Hanafi Legal School
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Death of female mystic Rabia al-Adawiyya.
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Muslims capture Sicily and southern Italy
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Period of Lesser Occultation of Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Shii imam
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Golden age of Umayyad rule in Andalusia.
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Foundation of Fatimid Ismaili Shii dynasty in North Africa.
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Death of al-Maturidi, Sunni theologian, in Samarqand.
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Fatimids found Al-Azhar mosque-university in Cairo