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Initial division of Italy (19th century)
Italy was divided into several states, including the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia under Austrian rule, the Duchies of Parma, Modena and Tuscany, and the Papal States. -
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire (1806)
Napoleon Bonaparte dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, paving the way for the creation of a unified Germany, although still under French domination. -
Creation of the German Confederation (1815)
After Napoleon's defeat, the European powers created the German Confederation as a loose union of 39 German states. Although it was not a true political union, it was a step towards Germanic cooperation. -
Risorgimento Movement (1820s - 1860s)
This movement sought the independence and unification of Italy under a single flag. It was key to the process of Italian unification. -
Key Figures (1820s - 1860s)
Among the most prominent figures in the unification process are Giuseppe Garibaldi, Camillo di Cavour, and King Victor Emmanuel II. -
Opium Wars (1839-1842 and 1856-1860)
Conflicts between China and the United Kingdom (later joined by France) over the opium trade. They resulted in the forced opening of Chinese ports to foreign trade. -
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
The first "unequal treaty," signed after the First Opium War. China ceded Hong Kong to the British and opened five ports to foreign trade. -
Wars of Independence (1848 - 1866)
These wars against Austria were crucial for the unification. In 1866, Italy annexed Veneto and Mantua after the Third War of Independence. -
Revolutions of the Springtime of Nations (1848-1849)
During 1848 and 1849, there were uprisings in many German states seeking democratic reforms and unification. Although they failed, they laid the groundwork for the future unification process. -
Cultural and Economic Impact (second half of the 19th century)
The unification transformed the political, economic, and cultural map of Italy. -
Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
A movement inspired by Christian and anti-Manchu ideas. It was partially influenced by Western presence and ultimately weakened the Qing Empire. -
Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and Convention of Beijing (1860)
Agreements that ended the Second Opium War, allowing foreign access to China's interior and legalizing the opium trade. -
Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Expedition of the Thousand, conquering the south of Italy and contributing significantly to the unification. -
Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (March 17, 1861)
The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II. -
The War of the Duchies Schleswig War (1864)
This war pitted the Kingdom of Denmark against Prussia and Austria for control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg. After the Prussian victory, these duchies were integrated into the system of the German Confederation. -
Incorporation of Venice (1866)
After the Austro-Prussian War, Italy annexed Venice. -
The Austro-Prussian War the Seven Weeks' War (1866)
Prussia defeated Austria, resulting in Austria's exclusion from German affairs and leading to the creation of the North German Confederation, dominated by Prussia. -
North German Confederation (1867)
After the victory in the War of the Duchies, Prussia established the North German Confederation, a union of northern German states under its leadership, excluding Austria. -
Incorporation of Rome (1870)
Rome joined the Kingdom of Italy after the Franco-Prussian War, completing the unification. -
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
This war pitted Prussia and its German allies against France. The Prussian victory further united the German states, culminating in the proclamation of the German Empire at the Palace of Versailles on January 18, 1871. -
Proclamation of the German Empire (1871)
In a ceremony at the Palace of Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor (Kaiser) of the German Empire, marking the formal unification of Germany under Prussian leadership. -
The "Kulturkampf" (Cultural Struggle) (1871-1878)
Bismarck undertook a series of measures against the influence of the Catholic Church in Germany, seeking to reduce the power of the Church in a now unified state. -
Guerra Anglo-Zulú (1879)
Reino Unido derrota al Imperio Zulú, consolidando su control en Sudáfrica. -
Ocupación de Egipto por el Reino Unido (1882)
Gran Bretaña toma el control de Egipto, asegurando el Canal de Suez, un punto estratégico para el comercio. -
Bismarck's Workers' Rights Law (1883-1889)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced a series of laws to improve workers' conditions and prevent the growth of socialism in the new German Empire. -
Sino-French War (1884-1885)
France defeated China and consolidated its control over Vietnam, further weakening Chinese influence in the region. -
Conferencia de Berlín (1884-1885)
Se establecen las reglas para la colonización de África, marcando el inicio oficial del reparto colonial. -
Fundación del Estado Libre del Congo (1885)
El rey Leopoldo II de Bélgica se apropia del Congo como posesión personal, lo que más tarde lleva a abusos y explotación. -
First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
China lost to Japan and ceded Taiwan while recognizing Korea’s independence. This was a blow to Chinese sovereignty and increased foreign intervention. -
Expansión francesa en África Occidental (1895-1900)
Francia somete a diversos pueblos como los mandingas y los tuareg, consolidando su dominio en el Sahel. -
Conquista de Sudán por el Reino Unido (1898)
Tras la Batalla de Omdurmán, los británicos consolidan su dominio sobre Sudán. -
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
An anti-foreign nationalist movement that was suppressed by a coalition of foreign powers, leading to further concessions imposed on China. -
Guerra de los Bóers (1899-1902)
Reino Unido derrota a los bóers (descendientes de colonos holandeses) y toma el control de Sudáfrica. -
Historical legacy (late 19th century - present)
The Italian unification laid the foundations for the formation of a modern state and had a lasting impact on European history. -
Spheres of Influence (late 19th - early 20th century)
China was divided into areas controlled by different foreign powers (Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, the U.S.), losing economic sovereignty. -
Crisis de Tánger (1905-1906)
Alemania desafía la influencia francesa en Marruecos, lo que casi provoca una guerra en Europa. -
Conferencia de Algeciras (1906)
Se influencia de Francia y España en Marruecos, reduciendo el papel de Alemania. -
Fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911)
Influenced by Western pressure, the revolution led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the monarchy and attempted to modernize China under a republican model. -
Reparto de Marruecos (1912)
Se establece el Protectorado Francés y Español en Marruecos tras el Tratado de Fez. -
Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the May Fourth Movement.
After World War I, the treaty granted Chinese territories to Japan instead of returning them to China. This led to protests and fueled Chinese nationalism.