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King Louis XVI called the Estates General to solve France’s financial problems. It led to demands for change. -
The French Revolution began when people attacked the Bastille prison. It symbolized freedom from the king’s power. -
A document that stated all men are born free and have equal rights -
Written by Olympe de Gouges, it demanded equality and rights for women -
King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine for treason -
Robespierre was arrested and executed, ending the Reign of Terror -
A period of violence when many people were executed for being enemies of the revolution. -
A weak government ruled France after the Terror. It was replaced by Napoleon’s rule -
Napoleon took power, ending the French Revolution and starting the Consulate -
Napoleon became First Consul and centralized power in France -
Napoleon died on St. Helena, likely from stomach cancer -
Napoleon’s army won a major victory against Austria and Russia -
Napoleon declared himself Emperor and ruled a large European empire -
After losing power, Napoleon was exiled to Elba, but he escaped later -
Napoleon was defeated by British and Prussian forces, ending his rule -
Napoleon was sent to the island of St. Helena, where he spent the rest of his life -
Workers march to the Winter Palace asking the czar for better jobs, shorter work hours, and more rights. Soldiers shoot at the crowd. Many people die. This starts the 1905 Revolution and protests across Russia. -
Sailors rebel against their officers because life on the ship is very hard and unfair. This shows that soldiers and people are starting to fight the czar. -
Czar Nicholas II promises changes to calm people. He creates the Duma (a small parliament). Many people are still unhappy, but it is the first step toward reform. -
The heir to Austria-Hungary’s throne is killed by a Serbian nationalist. This starts a big crisis in Europe.
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Austria-Hungary attacks Serbia. Many countries join the war because of alliances. -
Germany joins the war. Europe becomes fully involved in World War I. -
Germany signs the armistice. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is later canceled because Germany loses. -
Workers, women, and soldiers protest because of hunger, low wages, and bad living conditions. This starts the February Revolution. -
The last czar gives up the throne. The Romanov family ends. A temporary government rules but keeps Russia in the war. -
Lenin comes back to Russia. He promises “Peace, Land, and Bread” to get support from workers, peasants, and soldiers. -
The new government is officially approved by workers’ and soldiers’ councils, making the Bolsheviks’ power official. -
Czech soldiers rebel against the Bolsheviks. This starts the Russian Civil War. -
The Red Army (Bolsheviks) fights the White Army
There are also Green armies (peasant groups) and nationalists in different regions.
The war causes hunger, disease, and millions of deaths. Cities and villages are destroyed. -
Russia signs peace with Germany. Russia leaves WWI and loses a lot of land. -
The czar, his family, and close servants are killed. This stops any chance of the monarchy returning. -
Lenin introduces the NEP to rebuild the economy.
Some private trade and farming are allowed. People can sell crops and goods.
The NEP helps Russia recover after war and famine, but the Bolsheviks keep political control. -
The Bolsheviks unite Russia and other Soviet republics under one central government. This is the start of the USSR. -
Lenin’s death causes a fight for power between Stalin and Trotsky. Stalin wins and becomes the leader of the USSR. -
The Bolsheviks attack and take control of Petrograd. This is the October Revolution.