-
-
-
Digitalis comes from the foxglove plant. Today it is given in a pill form.
Quinine comes from the bark of a cinchoma bark.
Belladomma and atropine are nomade from the poisonous nightshade plant
Morphine-is made from the opium poppy. -
Physicians were highly respected an often worked in temples. -
they used a combination of spiritual healing, prayers and spices.
-
used papyrus scrolls like the ebers papyrus and Edwin smith papyrus to record diagnosis, treatments, and spells. -
-
-
Acupuncture is believed to have developed around 1900–1000 BC.
-
-
Universities
The growth of universities in Europe, such as those in Paris, Bologna, and Padua, helped revive medical education. -
Common Epidemics:
Diseases like smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, and plague were present in Europe and parts of Asia. -
Dissection was rarely practiced due to religious taboos.
-
Introduced the Humorism theory: health depends on balance of four bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile).
-
Initially believed in spiritual causes (punishment from gods).
-
-
With the fall of central Roman authority, many of the public health, educational, and infrastructural systems (e.g. libraries, medical schools, hospitals, the maintenance of sanitation) that supported medical learning decayed or were abandoned.
-
First recorded human dissections by Herophilus and Erasistratus in Alexandria.
-
Built aqueducts to supply fresh water.
-
Adopt many Greek medical ideas but enhance public health systems.
-
-
By 700 AD, Europe still lacked formal medical practice, but various methods were used, mostly based on religion, superstition, and folk remedies:
Prayer and religious rituals: People believed illness was caused by sin or divine punishment. -
The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440 dramatically changed medicine.
-
Around this time, human dissection became more accepted and practiced—especially in Italy.
-
Italian anatomist known for discovering the Fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system.
-
-
Italian anatomist who discovered the Eustachian tube (connecting the middle ear to the throat). -
English physician who discovered and described the circulation of blood.
-
Developed powerful microscopes and was the first to observe and describe bacteria, protozoa, and sperm cells.
-
Early pharmacists who prepared and sold medicines.
-
Besides being a founding father and inventor, Franklin contributed to public health.
-
Medical education became more structured
-
Discovered oxygen (called “dephlogisticated air” then).
-
English physician.
Developed the first successful smallpox vaccine using cowpox material. -
French physician.
Invented the stethoscope to listen to the sounds of the chest. -
Hungarian physician known as the “father of infection control.”
-
Improved sanitation, hygiene, and patient care during the Crimean War.
-
-
French microbiologist.
Developed pasteurization to kill bacteria in food and drinks. -
Discovered viruses as infectious agents smaller than bacteria.
Pioneered the field of virology. -
Pioneered antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize instruments and clean wounds.
-
Introduced sterile surgical techniques and heat sterilization of surgical instruments.
-
Introduced sterile surgical techniques and heat sterilization of surgical instruments.
-
Digitalis- it comes from the foxglove plant. -
Evil spirits, we believed we got sick because evil spirits attached us.